The History of 911 Emergency Calls

The History of 911 Emergency Calls Who structured and introduced the initial 911 crisis call framework in the United States? Alabama Telephone Company 911 Pioneers The race to be first will consistently be a piece of human instinct up to an extension stays to be crossed, mountains to be ascended, or a phone trade to be cut-over, with a group cooperating as Alabama Telephone had. B.W. (Sway) Gallagher - President of the Alabama Telephone Company an auxiliary of Continental Telephone. Started and coordinated the general 911 effort.Robert (Bob) Fitzgerald - Inside State Plant Manager. Structured and built the required hardware for the first U.S. 911 system.Jimmy White - Technician on 911 establishment team.Glenn Johnston - Technician on 911installation team.Al Bush - Technician on 911 establishment team.Pete Gosa - Technician on 911 establishment group. Requirement for a Universal Number Emergency Call System The capacity to dial a solitary number to report crises was first utilized in Great Britain, in 1937. The British could dial 999 to call for police, clinical or local groups of fire-fighters, from anyplace in the nation. In 1958, the American Congress originally researched a general crisis number for the United States lastly passed the legitimate order in 1967. The absolute first American 911 call was put on February 16, 1968, in Haleyville, Alabama made by Alabama Speaker of the House, Rankin Fite and replied by Congressman Tom Bevill.â The new crisis number must be three numbers that were not being used in the United States or Canada as the initial three quantities of any telephone number or region code, and the numbers must be anything but difficult to utilize. The Federal Trade Commission alongside ATT (which held an imposing business model on telephone administrations around then) initially declared the designs to construct the initial 911 framework in Huntington, Indiana. Alabama Telephone Company Takes the Initiative Weave Gallagher, President of the Alabama Telephone, was irritated that the autonomous telephone industry had not been counseled. Gallagher chose to get the best of ATT line and have the initial 911 crisis administration worked in Haleyville, Alabama.â Gallagher talked with Bob Fitzgerald, his state inside-plant administrator. Fitzgerald let Gallagher realize that he could do it. Gallagher moved rapidly getting endorsements from Continental Telephone and the Alabama Public Service official and discharging an official statement on February 9 reporting that the Alabama Telephone Company would leave a mark on the world. Fitzgerald analyzed every one of the twenty-seven Alabama trades picking the Haleyville area, and afterward designed the new hardware and made the changes required for the current gear. Fitzgerald and his group worked nonstop to introduce the initial 911 crisis framework in less than multi week. The group worked their normal day employments in Fayette, venturing out every night to Haleyville to accomplish the 911 work during off-top hours. The work was finished on February 16, 1968, at precisely 2 p.m. celebrated with a group cheer of Bingo! Subtleties of this story were given by Reba Fitzgerald, spouse of Robert Fitzgerald.

A five-year career goal plan Free Essays

I work for AAFES it is a subcontractor for the administration. In this organization the primary store is called the† PX â€Å"in the regular citizen world it would resemble a Wal-Mart. There are different stores that are incorporated like service stations and drive-through joints, for example, Burger King, Taco John’s, McDonald’s and so on. We will compose a custom exposition test on A five-year profession objective arrangement or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now AAFES are situated on army installations around the globe. We serve for the people in the military â€Å"wherever they go we go† we offer types of assistance from the fundamental necessities to very good quality items. My obligation as a region chief is to make a point to deal with the client care and the grievances likewise to ensure all preparation is finished by all workers varying. Was a director I discover approaches to improve the business floor with new plan to meet deals objectives. I likewise ensure all the bookkeeping is right and precise, for example, things that should be tallied two times per day, for example, PC iPad top of the line Jewelry and things worth more than $1000. I am capable to ensure this is right consistently. I need to make a point to take a gander at all the receipts ensuring that the thing is gotten appropriately. At the point when I complete my lone wolves in business and human asset I might want to be in a retail situation. I’ve been with this organization around 9 years I believe I have understanding and not the training and that’s why I’m back in school so I won't get turned down a position as a result of the absence of instruction. I trust I could be chosen for a head supervisor position in light of the fact that the training and experience and the classes that I have taken to turn into a director. I should concentrate on improving my presentation at work. The more I find out about what is expected to turn into a head supervisor the simpler it will become when I’ve met my objective. Inside the 3 years of my retail calling I will have my Masters in business and human asset that will give me a more elevated level of instruction. I will have all the more preparing and more experience for the activity of being a preparation office administrator. I have had 2 administrator position in aafes I have been in the situation as a Burger King supervisor and a Retail Manager. I accept with my experience and training I will be more than equipped for the following positions. Inside the 5 years of my retail calling I might want to turn into a retail HR anager I will have my Masters by then I’ll have experience being a senior supervisor and food chief additionally being a preparation office director and that would be my fantasy occupation and I would stay with that until I resign. I would be progressively learned of the distinctive occupation titles. I would have more understanding on what you can do in the organization and what you can’t do in the organization. I would have the experience to submit sure the representatives questions are dealt with and be progressively proficient inside the organization so I could be effective of helping the workers on various levels. The profession way that I have picked will profit my family. They generally state â€Å"hard work pays off â€Å"(Evans, Stephanie) and I accept that I would need to forfeit my ends of the week and occasions with my family for forthcoming years for the activity I had always wanted. I couldn't imagine anything better than to have a 9-to-5 occupation with ends of the week and occasions off however I accept that is a little cost to pay for a long time versus 18 years of the activity you had always wanted. Information is power in my eyes. (Stephanie Evans) I feel that on the off chance that I have the training and encounters that I will be effective in meeting objectives. I am devoted I’m a diligent employee I’m dependable and reliable. The vast majority of my partners come to me since I will share the data that will assist them with being fruitful in this organization too. I have faith in this organization on the grounds that my father served in the Army and my better half is in the at present in the Army. I generally needed to join the Army however I couldn’t on the grounds that I am truly impaired and this is one way I can serve my nation by putting a grin on the essences of the people that serve our nation, risking their life for our opportunity. And all I need to do is to ensure they have extraordinary client assistance and will have incredible experience when they shop at AAFES. References Anderson, L, E., Bolt, S.B. (2013). Polished methodology: Skills for Workplace Success. (third Ed.). Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle: New Jersey. http://www.totaljobs.com/professions exhortation/work profile/retail-employments/division supervisor work Step by step instructions to refer to A five-year profession objective arrangement, Papers

The Complete Beginners Guide to Investing in Stock

The Complete Beginner’s Guide to Investing in Stock Investment in stocks is one of the best and easiest ways to accumulate passive income for individuals or families.However, there is a stigma around stock investment. The average person feels stocks are too complex to understand and too risky to be involved with. Especially since the recent financial-economic crisis, people are quite honestly scared of manipulations leading to fluctuations on the stock market. They consider it unreliable. This article aims to give you the basic information so as to alleviate that stigma a little â€" enough so that you consider learning more, and, eventually, invest.WHAT ARE STOCKS?Stock ownership is the physical representation of ownership over part of a business â€" ownership of business shares. Stocks are also called securities, because they give you financial security. Equities is another word for it, because of the equity they give you in the business ownership. Two types are fairly popular â€" common stocks and preferred stocks. This is how commo n stock worksThis is the most popular type of stock for investment. If you own common stock, you are a stockholder, or a business shareholder, who shares the profits or losses of that business. The Board of Directors will be responsible to take the decision how many of the profits to retain back into the company and how much to send out to the stockholders, under the form of dividends. This is how preferred stock worksPreferred stock works a lot like common stock, with several important differences. Once again, the owner of the stock is a shareholder. This time, however, the dividends are paid out at predetermined times. Preferred stock owners have priority over common stock. If a bankruptcy takes place preferred stock holders will have the priority for the chance to recoup their investments from sales or other forms of recoveries. This is why stocks are issuedA company may open their business to stock investment, in order to gather funds. It is a good business model for startup com panies with innovative ideas and leaders with strong entrepreneurial background. On the other hand, stocks are attractive to investors, because they can participate in the economy without participating in business management. Additionally, if the investor is well informed and intentioned, stocks can create far higher returns than other forms of investment. This is how stocks are issued:When you incorporate a company, you need your accumulated capital. Your organization may decide to divide that capital into shares. Let’s say your capital is USD 100  000. If you divide that into 100 shares, the price of each share will be USD 1000. You may choose to come up with most of that capital yourself, hence remaining the main shareholder, and invite friends, family and other investors to become shareholders in your company. Let’s say your first year you earn USD 2000 in profits. You have to decide how much out of those 2000 you reinvest back in your company. If you choose to reinvest none , you will owe 20 USD earnings per share (EPS) to each of your shareholders. This is how stocks are bought and sold:The initial price of each share might have cost each buyer USD 1000 in the beginning (from the example above). However, that price will not be permanent on the stock market. Say you keep paying out 20 USD earnings per share (EPS) to each of your shareholders. This is not a worth investment. And they will try to sell out their shares for less than their value. If your profit is greater, the price will also be proportionately higher on the stock market. The stock market is nothing more than a system of actors buyers and sellers where said actors are nothing more than individuals representing themselves or other buyers and sellers, that are looking for matching interests to obtain or dispose of stocks at a certain price. It is nothing more than a marketplace. And the price depends on the supply-and-demand rules. Manipulating the supply-and-demand rules is often the unde rlying source behind financial crises. HOW TO MAKE MONEY FROM THE STOCK MARKET?Earning from stock is not as complicated as it sounds. Profiting, however, is another matter. Here are several factors you need to consider:Dividend yield on costThe dividend yield is a simple financial calculation. It is the ratio between the amount of money you would earn per today’s rate in dividends, and the current market price of the stock. It is expressed in a percentage. The dividend yield is an interesting concept for future investors because it allows them to compare investing in stock to investing in other financial products that offer a return in an annual percentage rate products such as bonds. However, if you have invested in a successful company, the dividend rate will increase over time, unlike with bonds, where the return is fixed. That is why, the dividend on cost is actually a more important variable, when you consider the subject of your investment. The divined yield tells you how m uch you would profit today from dividends if you bought stock today. The dividend yield on cost is the ratio between the amount of money you earn per today’s rate in dividends and the price you paid originally instead of the price today. Watch out for dividend traps though. Some stock investments may look great based on dividend yield on cost only. Dividend yield on cost can be manipulated. If you see too-good-to-be-true dividend rates, that could mean a hefty law suit or bankrupt lurking around the corner. To save yourself from dividend traps compare the rates to other years or other companies in the industry. You will notice the rates vary within some limits. If the difference from the average is too high, there is almost certainly something fishy. Price to earnings ratioThe price earnings ratio is a convenient metric for assessing the prospect value of a companys stock price compared to the current financial status of a company. (You will also come across it being spelled as th e p/e ratio.)Originally popularized by Benjamin Graham, this ratio is thought to be one of the fastest and easiest ways to determine whether a stock is safe for investment or its value is being manipulated â€" which means it is being used for speculation on the market. So what is the price-to-earnings ratio? The p/e ratio is the price an investor is paying for one dollar of a companys earnings.Let’s say you have stock in a company called STOK. STOK reported to earnings per share amounting to 3.5 USD. If the stock is selling for 28 USD per share then you divide 28 USD price per share to 3.5 USD profits per share and your ratio is 8. For your calculation you will need to figure out the basic or diluted earnings per share, where the diluted earnings per share is preferred. That could be tricky for beginners. The good news is most financial portals will automatically calculate and show you the price-to-earnings ratio for the stock you are interested in. This ratio will be helpful to y ou to sift through the companies selling at a high price because they have caught the trendy wave, but actually have no real worth to support those numbers. Have in mind that in the various industries the p/e ratio ranges considered to be acceptable will differ from each other. Tech companies will usually have an average price-to-earnings of about 20, whereas textile manufacturers   usually sell at a ratio of about 8. To a large extend that depends on the expectation of growth.What does that mean in terms of designing your investment portfolio? You need to A) Compare the prices within the industry, B) Compare the history of prices within the same industry, C) eliminate outliers, D) ultimately go for the lowest p/e ratio.Have in mind price-to-earnings can never be the only variable on which you base your decisions. Some accounting rules and incorrect estimates of future growth can affect the price-to-earnings ratio significantly.    HOW TO INVEST?The first step towards beginning you r stock investment career is to open a brokerage account. It is just an account that have with a stock brokerage firm. You deposit money with them â€" you can make a direct payment or hook a bank account to them. When the money is available at their disposal, you can use it to invest different amount and variety of stocks. You will order your broker to sell or buy for you and they will do it for a fee or a percentage of the transaction.You can choose between a cash brokerage account and a margin account. With a cash account you to deposit cash in advance and with a margin account, you could also borrow from your broker against certain assets at a low-interest rate. As a beginner, it is safer to opt for a cash brokerage account.The next step would be to learn more about the types of deals you can order from your broker. Limit orders for example give you the option to impose a limit on the maximum price you will owe or the minimum price you would accept when you are trading with stock s. Meaning you can use limit orders to purchase stock only when its price falls under a certain threshold. Another type of order you should know about are the all-or-none orders. Most times, when you order an acquisition of a large amount of common stock, of the same company your broker will fulfil your order over the course of days or weeks. This will prevent you from distorting the market â€" if you leave a large order open that might increase the demand and, with that, raise the price.However, if you want to place an order that should be executed at the same price, the solution is to make it an all-or-none trade. For your broker that would mean he would have to do it as a single transaction, or not perform on the order at all. Another factor you have to consider is the expiration day of your order. When you place an order, have to give a deadline to when it can be executed. The first type are the ‘day orders’ those are valid until the end of the day for the stock market. Aft erwards those are canceled and no more attempts will be done to execute them. Market orders are usually done as day orders. The second type you should consider are the GTC orders. It is an acronym for Good-till-Canceled. Those are valid until you end the order, until they are completed in full, or until 60 day from the order pass.GTC orders have their risks. First, you need to be conscious of your placed order â€" especially during a volatile market events may occur that will require you to end your order before it was executed. Second, if you place a large order as GTC, you will pay a fee to your broker every time they act on it. For example, if you place an order to purchase 1000 shares from a company, and they do it in 10 equal steps, a commission will go out to them with each purchase. However, if multiple steps are performed in the same day, you should actually be charged once only.Remember, all market orders will be executed by your broker unless you manage to cancel them befo re they become possible. That means you are not in control of the price. If you want to stay in control of the price you should consider placing limit orders or stop orders, which will turn into market orders under certain conditions.  Always consider revenue over cost. The entire cost. Never forget to factor in the amounts your broker charges as a commission. Have in mind the capital gains tax as well, since that will become greater each year. But how to decide where to invest? The answer is simple and at the same time, it is complex. Long story short, you need to do some comparison and then some research. Look for deals that look lucrative based on the dividend yield on cost and the price to earnings ratio. Do a historic and inter-industry comparison. Consider using a robo-advisor. Once you have set your eyes on a company, do some follow-up research. Could there be bankruptcy on the line? Are any big scandals happening? Are any important customers leaving? SUCCESS STORIESNow that you know the most important rules, you must be curious to know when you could have been now if you had joined the stock market years ago. Here are the financial results you could have benefited from if you had invested in one of three famous brands a decade ago:TeslaCEO Elon Musk is a public personality, not unfamiliar to. Teslas stock, however, seems to be on an upswing. Shares were going up 2% following the news that Consumer Reports were recommending the Tesla 3, now with a better performance.If you had invested in Tesla back in 2010, when the company became public and made its initial public offering, a thousand-dollar investment in the company would give you about 12 times the return as of mid 2018, when you factor in price appreciation and dividends reinvested. AppleAnother company famous for the questionable behavior of their CEO, Apple, has often been both complimented for the vision of Steve Jobs and reprimanded for the faults of his behavior. If you had invested a thousand dollars in Apple back in 2008, that would have put more than $7,200 in your wallet ten years later, in 2018, when you factor in price appreciation and dividends reinvested.NetflixNetflix is, on the contrary, considered to be quite scandal-free. A company that revolutionized the way people access movies, series and shows was thought to have a shaky future in the beginning, but it has managed to establish itself and is pretty stable on the stock market. If you had invested a thousand dollars in Netflix back in 2007, that would have earned you more than a hundred thousand dollars years later, in 2018, when you factor in price appreciation and dividends reinvested. That means a return of more than a 100 times the investment. The greatest reason for Netflix’s success on the stock market is the unexpected growth of its subscriber’s base. THE WORST INVESTMENT MISTAKESYou must be impatient now to begin your stock investment journey. But holt, please make sure you don’t do any of the four worst mistakes you could fall victim to while planning your investments in the stock market:Don’t fall victim to the TVOnce you get interested in the stock market, you will discover an entire new world. Sources, articles, papers, and even entire TV shows dedicated to the projections and analysis of the marketplace.Use your common-sense before you consider the advice of TV personality on the small screen. The opinions of those ‘experts’ may make sense to a newbie, but a real investor will know better than to trust anything they say blindly. TV ‘experts’ may mislead you with or without intention to take action in the wrong direction. More often than not they will be commenting on rather obvious trends rather than actually providing you with valuable information. Additionally, depending on the size of the audience, their preaching might distort the market and lead to different than expected results. Don’t fall victim to ratiosFormulas and calculations can seem the perf ect safety system against bad decisions. It is not just numbers and indexes. Get out of the mathematics and think about the real world when you take your decisions. Talk to your friends. Discuss your projections with advisors. Do you know anyone with a good investment sense? A friend with an impeccable profit record can always confirm or reject your wildest intentions. Advice by investment robots can put you on the right track, but real life experts are so far the best intelligence to predict how the market will behave. Dont get too comfortableDont get too set in your ways. It is in the nature of every market to change. Make sure you always ask yourself several questions before you take any important decision about your investment portfolio. Most importantly â€" ‘Do I really have a reason to believe my expectations will not mislead me.’Since 2008, the stock market has been watched over through a magnifying glass. It is not a rare view to see large loses followed by profits and t hen suddenly more losses. Accurate predictions of the market behavior is a but you can always take some common sense steps to make sure your investments are supported by some positive-trend data.Dont ever rush into a dealLast but not least, if youre planning on getting into stock investments, always make sure you keep yourself level-headed. You can never act on a hunch. Especially when the market is experiencing heavy volatility, all variables will be off track and you might be tempted to act irrationally. Always keep the long-term trend in sight and consider how all your actions will affect your investments in the future.There is never one plan of action you can adopt to always make sure you take the right decision. Sometimes what seems right will betray your hopes, while an obvious mistake may make you a fortune, out of pure luck. However, you cannot afford to count on chance. If you do, you are little better than a gambler. A well-balanced portfolio where you have included a mix of stocks, bonds and other securities is perhaps your best bet against potential bad surprises and loss.While it takes some of the fun away, you are way better-off if you play your cards carefully. CONCLUSIONInvesting in the stock market, to a beginner, looks like a parallel universe. It is the same brands and companies you know from the news, or from the logos on products you use in your everyday life. However, there are new rules to learn. You need to teach yourself to look at the same news and same companies from an entirely new perspective. Just as any other field, investments of time and money can look intimidating, but once you learn how to behave on the market, you might find yourself a very lucrative and fascinating hobby.

Psychological Ethics - 782 Words

Introduction Ethics are an essential part of the administration of psychological tests. Psychological tests are an important tool in terms of many professions in an array of settings such as in clinical psychology, education, and even business. However, misuse of psychological test by the administrators is a constant and troubling issue that has the potential to harm the individuals involved and even society as a whole. For test takers, the misuse of a psychological test could result in improper diagnoses or inappropriate decision making. The misuse of tests reflects very poorly on the professional organizations along with highly trained test users and overall will result in poor decisions that may harm society in both an economic and†¦show more content†¦The right to know who will have access to test data and the right to confidentiality of test results, the test takers will be acknowledge about the person who will be in charge of their results. Labeling Labels may affect ones access to help. Labeling someone shyness may be self-fulfilling prophecy .Because some people may not be able to change their shyness or may see their shyness as a positive impact in their lives even though the test results shows that shyness have negative impact on their success. Labels may imply a person is not responsible, may increase the risk that the person labeled will feel passive. In view of potentially negative affects of labeling a person should have the right not to be labeled. Invasion of privacy. Informed consent Self-determination is a right to every individual which means that individuals are entitled to receive complete explanations in regards to why exactly they are being tested as well as how the results of the test will be used and what their results mean. These complete explanations are commonly known as informed consent and should be conveyed in such a way that is straight-forward and easy for examinees to understand. Student may give his/her their consent because he/she does not fully understand what the research will involve. Having taken part, he/she is in a better position to give their informed consent and if necessary exercise the right to withdraw. While conducting theShow MoreRelatedPsychological Assessment And Ethics Of Forensic Psychology1675 Words   |  7 Pages Psychological Assessment and Ethics Debra Deering FO611 Ethics and Professional Issues in Forensic Psychology Professor Cathy Donnell February 8, 2015 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III. 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The debates over the effectiveness and identification of students with disabilities highlight a couple of the ways in ethical issues underlie special education. Yet, this is only the tip of the ethical iceberg. Issues of ethics are also pervasive in special education assessment, instruction, curriculum, service delivery, funding, and research. Due to the thorny ethical and political issues for special education practitioners, policy makers and researchers, it is criticalRead MoreEthics And Ethics Code Standards972 Words   |  4 PagesEthics is suggestive of what is morally right from wrong. This principle applies to many areas professionally and to human beings as they draw on such thoughts. On the other hand, there is more at risk for a professional to act in their best interest by being aware of regulations, limitations, confidentiality, and ethical principles. Subsequently, a violation in the before mentioned can lead to harm, distress, and lawsuits. In the field of psychology, ethics applies not only to human participants

American History Unit 12 Exam Review Essay examples

American History Exam Review Unit 12 1. Name the empires that were located in America before the arrival of Europeans. The Inca, the Olmec, the Maya, the Aztec, the Moundbuilders, the Iroquois, the Five Civilized Tribes. 2. Name where each tribe was located ( North or South America) and one accomplishment for each of the empires. 3. What was a joint stock company? A joint stock company was when people bought shares in companies that were hoping to explore the New World. 4. What were the new inventions that made exploration easier? (3 items) The new inventions that made exploration easier were advances in cartography, navigation, and shipbuilding. 5. Who were Vasco da Gama and†¦show more content†¦19. What was a Minuteman? A minuteman was a group of colonists who formed a militia that got to battles quickly 20. Who was Samuel Adams? Samuel Adams was a member of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, brother of John Adams, and led to the Boston Tea Party. 21. What were the events leading up to the Boston Tea Party? The Boston Massacre led up to the Boston Tea Party 22. What was the result of the Boston Tea Party? ( be specific) The result was the Intolerable Acts, including the Boston Port Act, the Quebec Act, the Quartering Act and the Massachusetts Government Act. 23. What was the Continental Congress? The Continental Congress was a group of representatives from each colony who got together to discuss the revolution. 24. Who was George Washington and why was he important to American history? George Washington was a U.S general who wins battles ( and losses some) and goes on to become the first President of the United States of America. 25. What was the Declaration of Independence? The Declaration of Independence was the political document that declined America’s independence. 26. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, and Samuel Adams wrote the Declaration of Independence. 27. 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Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation Free Essays

How to reduce absenteeism in organisations 1. Identify the causes for an employee’s absenteeism. If you can find out why an employee is consistently absent, then you can deal more effectively with the problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, if an employee is often absent because of issues with childcare, you could offer them the option of more flexible working hours. 2. Implement a thorough record system. For every employee, you should record the date, duration and reason for each case of absenteeism. This way you will have evidence of each absence if you need to refer back to it. 3. Meticulously follow up on each case of absenteeism. You should write a letter recording each case of absenteeism and distribute it to the employee. This will make them aware they are being monitored and make them more likely to think before they take a sick day. 4. Properly inform and regularly update your employees about your standards and policies regarding absenteeism. If you make a change to your absenteeism policy, make sure you let your employees know. Even if you don’t make a change, you should still remind your employees regularly of the standards you have in place. You could do this via a company-wide email or memo. Employee absence is a significant cost to 90% of businesses, according to the survey. This section outlines ten tips to help you in managing absence and tackling poor performance in the workplace. Top 10 Absence Management Tips: Create an absence policy and communicate it 2 Record and measure absence 3 Reduce absenteeism by enforcing and managing the staff absence policy 4 Follow employee absence with return to work interviews 5 Proactive absence management – reward excellent attendance 6 Be realistic – plan for unscheduled staff absence 7 Consider unpaid leave or options to buy more holiday time 8 Minimise absence by improving their working conditions 9 Make controlling absenteeism a business priority 10 Keep your staff absence policy up-to-date How to cite Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation, Essay examples

ERP in Public Administration Enterprise Resource

Question: Describe about the ERP in Public Administration for Enterprise Resource. Answer: Introduction ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning and it is a business process management system which is includes a set or methods and techniques that allow the system to use integrated set of applications towards achieving the business objectives. ERP includes the automation of a number of back office services associated with the technology, people resources in the organization, operations and many others. Implementation of ERP in the public administration requires a number of steps and a detailed plan to achieve the objectives and come out with fruitful results at the end of the process. ERP Implementation: Objectives of Public Administration There are a number of objectives that the public administration targets while implementing the ERP systems in its architecture and infrastructure. The prime objective behind the implementation of ERP systems in public administration is to overcome the drawbacks and loopholes of the existing systems. Following is a list of the objectives that are associated with the procedure (Motiwalla and Thompson, 2012). To speed up the processes that are involved in the public administration by integration all of the applications on a common platform and automating the major set of activities To achieve the potential growth rate associated with the services of the public administration and the associated functions and operations by providing better quality results in lesser turnaround time To achieve higher return on investment through the services of the public administration and the associated functions and operations by providing better quality results in lesser turnaround time To provide information to the customers and the associated stakeholders at a non-stop basis that is on the basis of 24x7 availability so that the customers feel engaged and connected with the public administration at all times (Patrick, 2016) To provide enhanced decision making and problem solving ability to the management and administrative unit engaged with the public administration through the ERP Systems to ensure streamlined and organized work structure and services at all times To include the element of scalability with the business operations through the involvement of ERP Systems to enable them to be scaled up or scaled down as per the changing conditions The objectives that have been set up by the public administration in association with the implementation of the ERP Systems focus broadly upon the return of investment, management decisions, customer services and enhanced growth of the public administration as a whole. There are also certain expectations of the customers from the present day businesses and operations in terms of the availability of information and the flexibility and scalability of the operations as well. These system qualities have also been included in the set of objectives of the ERP Systems for the public administration. These objectives are therefore been set up rightly and aptly by the organization to gain maximum out of the ERP Systems implemented at the public administration. However, there is one element that is missing from the list of objectives that are set for the public administration. The missing element is the security of data and information. Data security is one of the major concerns that is associa ted with the current technology and the same has not been incorporated in the public administrations list of objectives (Nickmutt, 2016). Critical Success Factors for ERP Implementation There are a number of Critical Success Factors that are present in the ERP implementation associated with the public administration. These factors have been categorized in three broad categories as explained and listed below. People Related Factors Factors related to the human or people resources are the critical success factors that are included in this category. The skills that are present with the people included in the implementation of ERP for the technical and effective project management Assistance from the op management resources that are associated with ERP implementation Involvement of the users and the client in the ERP implementation process Leadership abilities of the team leads and the managers associated with the implementation process Motivation and team spirit among every resource engaged with the implementation process (Ziemba and Oblak, 2013) Process Related Factors Factors that are associated with the operational and functional decisions are the process related factors. Clarity of the requirements and specifications that are specified for the ERP implementation Clarity of the goals, aims and objectives that are specified for the ERP implementation Realistic budget and schedule that has been designed for the implementation of the ERP systems Risk management process that is associated with the implementation of the ERP systems Quality standards and practices that are followed during the implementation of the ERP systems Planning activities that are associated with the implementation process and the subsequent activities related to the same Clarity of the roles, responsibilities and tasks that are associated to the resources that are engaged with the implementation procedure Technology Related Factors These are the factors that are related with the technology that is utilized during the implementation of the ERP Systems in the public administration Level of knowledge and familiarity with the technology that is followed in the implementation procedure of the ERP Systems Presence and accessibility to the tools and equipment that are required for the application of the technology The complexity of the operations and the integration of the same with the technology that is opted Difference between Critical Success Factors with the Private Sector There are a lot many differences in the critical success factors that have been listed above for the public administration and the ones that are present in the private sector in association with the ERP implementation. Legislative, social and public accountability are the elements that largely determine the critical success factors in case of the public administration. However, these elements have a lesser impact in case of the private sectors. Also, the factors such as organizational culture and associated factors along with the relationship and knowledge management come up as major issues in the ERP adoption for public administration which directly impact the critical success factors that are associated with it. The same has again a lesser impact and association in case of the private sectors (Wagner, 2016). ERP Implementation: Organizational Commitment and focus on Business Process Management The required level of organizational commitment is high in case of the ERP implementation in the public sector. There are a lot of objectives that are set up by the public administration that directly depend upon the commitment and support from the end of the organizational. Achievement of the higher growth or the return of investment along with the implementation of the ERP Systems efficiently and effectively can only be done by the assistance and higher commitment from the organization and the resources that are engaged with the same. Business Process Management is also a mandate for achieving success in the implementation process of the ERP Systems. There are a number of components that are associated in the implementation process and the business process as well which must be managed accurately. The first element in the business process management is the continuous process improvement. The activities in the implementation process such as design activities, development and deployment tasks and many others shall be monitored, reviewed and improved continuously. Such an approach will update the system as and when required and will also keep it completely at pace with the changes in the technological and operational framework. The next element that shall be focused upon in case of the overall business process management is the business process re-engineering. This is the process that will automate the non-value added tasks and will help in the achievement of first two objectives of attaining automation and speeding up of the processes. Optimization of end to end processes that will be involved in the implementation of the ERP systems will also be done by thorough analysis and re-design of the workflows that will be present in the enterprise and between enterprises as well. The third element that is present in the business process management is the business automation that would introduce automated systems across all the levels of the organization (Alves and Matos, 2016). It is extremely important to focus upon the three elements of the business process management as all the three are directly related and associated with the objectives that have been set up for the public administration for the implementation of the ERP Systems. These measures will suggest steps to follow for the attainment of the objectives and will also simplify the tasks that will be present within the same. There may also be scenarios of disruptions or the presence of an attack or risk during the implementation process that may adversely affect it. The guidelines suggested in the business process management will also aid the public administration to recover to the normal position in a quick turnaround time. These will also ensure that the root cause of the problem are also eliminated completely so that it does not enter the system again in the future and have the same negative impact resulting out of it. ERP Implementation in Public Sector v/s Private Sector ERP Implementation in Public Sector ERP Implementation in Private Sector Authoritative, social and open responsibility are the components that to a great extent decide the basic achievement considerations associated with the in public sector organization. Likewise, the components, for example, authoritative culture and related variables alongside the relationship and learning administration come up as real issues in the ERP selection for open organization which straightforwardly affect the basic achievement calculates that are connected with it. The components such as accountability in terms of public and legislations have a lesser impact in case of the private sectors. Also, the organizational culture varies a lot in the private sector organizations which reflects in the critical success factors as well Skill sets that are available with the public administration in the current scenario are lesser in sync with the requirement that is otherwise associated with the implementation activities in the ERP Systems Skill sets that are available with the private sector organizations in the current scenario are more in sync with the requirement that is otherwise associated with the implementation activities in the ERP Systems (Alves and Amaral Matos, 2013) Regulatory policies that guard the implementation process of an ERP system in the public administration is followed more judiciously in this sector There are a certain loopholes that exist in the regulatory policies and adherence to the same in the case of the private sector organizations in association with the ERP implementation Importance of Change Management in the ERP Implementation Change Management refers to the process of preparing, managing and reinforcing the changes that are introduced in the system in association with a particular service or activity. There are a lot many changes that are done in the technology and the business operations with each passing day. The case is the same for the ERP systems with the enhancement in the technical processes that are involved. In order to keep the pace with the technology and operations, it is necessary to implement the change management process in the architecture. It will also allow the information to flow smoothly in the entire public administration system (Al-nafjan and Mudimigh, 2016). These changes may be reflected in the form of changes in the job description and skill set of the employees that are associated with the public administration. With the introduction of ERP Systems, there is also a change in the approach with the shift from task based approach to the process based approach. These changes are therefore required to be managed by the defined guidelines and these efficiently managed changes will result in the attainment of the business objectives. There are a number of changes that get introduced post the implementation of ERP Systems such as those in the people relationships and responsibilities. The management of these changes by introduction of user and employee trainings and many other measures will allow the enhancement in employee satisfaction and productivity (Shwetha and Siddalinga, 2016). Conclusion ERP Systems are an integral part of the organizations in the present era and their implementation of the same in the public sector has its own set of elements and issues. The objectives in this case revolve around the customer satisfaction, growth rate, return on investment and management policies. There are also a number of critical success factors that determine the implementation process. Business process management and its elements play a significant role in the entire process. References Al-nafjan, A. and Mudimigh, A., 2016. The impact of change management in ERP System: A Case study of MADAR. [online] Available at: https://www.jatit.org/volumes/research-papers/Vol23No2/5Vol23No2.pdf [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Alves, M. and Amaral Matos, S., 2013. ERP Adoption by Public and Private Organizations-A Comparative Analysis of Successful Implementations. Journal of Business Economics and Management, [online] 14(3), p.500. Available at: https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-338324526/erp-adoption-by-public-and-private-organizations-a [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Alves, M. and Matos, S., 2016. An Investigation into the Use of ERP Systems in the Public Sector. [online] Available at: https://www.ibimapublishing.com/articles/JERPS/2016/950191/950191.pdf [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Motiwalla, L. and Thompson, J., 2012. Motiwalla Thompson, Instructor's Manual (Download only) for Enterprise Systems for Management. [online] Pearsonhighered.com. Available at: https://www.pearsonhighered.com/product/Motiwalla-Instructor-s-Manual-Download-only-for-Enterprise-Systems-for-Management-2nd-Edition/9780132146517.html [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Nickmutt, 2016. ERP Implementation Goals and Objectives. [online] Nickmutt.com. Available at: https://www.nickmutt.com/erp-implementation-objectives.htm [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Patrick, E., 2016. Core Objectives of ERP :: ERP Implementation in an Organization. [online] Fibre2fashion.com. Available at: https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/6106/the-core-objectives-of-erp [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Shwetha, and Siddalinga, 2016. Significance of Change Management in ERP Implementation |. [online] Varnaaz.com. Available at: https://www.varnaaz.com/significance-of-change-management-in-erp-implementation/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Wagner, W., 2016. The ImaginePA Project: The First Large-Scale, Public Sector ERP Implementation: Information Systems Management: Vol 26, No 3. Information Systems Management. [online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10580530903017401?journalCode=uism20 [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Ziemba, E. and Oblak, I., 2013. Critical Success Factors for ERP Systems Implementation in Public Administration. 1st ed.