The History of 911 Emergency Calls

The History of 911 Emergency Calls Who structured and introduced the initial 911 crisis call framework in the United States? Alabama Telephone Company 911 Pioneers The race to be first will consistently be a piece of human instinct up to an extension stays to be crossed, mountains to be ascended, or a phone trade to be cut-over, with a group cooperating as Alabama Telephone had. B.W. (Sway) Gallagher - President of the Alabama Telephone Company an auxiliary of Continental Telephone. Started and coordinated the general 911 effort.Robert (Bob) Fitzgerald - Inside State Plant Manager. Structured and built the required hardware for the first U.S. 911 system.Jimmy White - Technician on 911 establishment team.Glenn Johnston - Technician on 911installation team.Al Bush - Technician on 911 establishment team.Pete Gosa - Technician on 911 establishment group. Requirement for a Universal Number Emergency Call System The capacity to dial a solitary number to report crises was first utilized in Great Britain, in 1937. The British could dial 999 to call for police, clinical or local groups of fire-fighters, from anyplace in the nation. In 1958, the American Congress originally researched a general crisis number for the United States lastly passed the legitimate order in 1967. The absolute first American 911 call was put on February 16, 1968, in Haleyville, Alabama made by Alabama Speaker of the House, Rankin Fite and replied by Congressman Tom Bevill.â The new crisis number must be three numbers that were not being used in the United States or Canada as the initial three quantities of any telephone number or region code, and the numbers must be anything but difficult to utilize. The Federal Trade Commission alongside ATT (which held an imposing business model on telephone administrations around then) initially declared the designs to construct the initial 911 framework in Huntington, Indiana. Alabama Telephone Company Takes the Initiative Weave Gallagher, President of the Alabama Telephone, was irritated that the autonomous telephone industry had not been counseled. Gallagher chose to get the best of ATT line and have the initial 911 crisis administration worked in Haleyville, Alabama.â Gallagher talked with Bob Fitzgerald, his state inside-plant administrator. Fitzgerald let Gallagher realize that he could do it. Gallagher moved rapidly getting endorsements from Continental Telephone and the Alabama Public Service official and discharging an official statement on February 9 reporting that the Alabama Telephone Company would leave a mark on the world. Fitzgerald analyzed every one of the twenty-seven Alabama trades picking the Haleyville area, and afterward designed the new hardware and made the changes required for the current gear. Fitzgerald and his group worked nonstop to introduce the initial 911 crisis framework in less than multi week. The group worked their normal day employments in Fayette, venturing out every night to Haleyville to accomplish the 911 work during off-top hours. The work was finished on February 16, 1968, at precisely 2 p.m. celebrated with a group cheer of Bingo! Subtleties of this story were given by Reba Fitzgerald, spouse of Robert Fitzgerald.

A five-year career goal plan Free Essays

I work for AAFES it is a subcontractor for the administration. In this organization the primary store is called the† PX â€Å"in the regular citizen world it would resemble a Wal-Mart. There are different stores that are incorporated like service stations and drive-through joints, for example, Burger King, Taco John’s, McDonald’s and so on. We will compose a custom exposition test on A five-year profession objective arrangement or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now AAFES are situated on army installations around the globe. We serve for the people in the military â€Å"wherever they go we go† we offer types of assistance from the fundamental necessities to very good quality items. My obligation as a region chief is to make a point to deal with the client care and the grievances likewise to ensure all preparation is finished by all workers varying. Was a director I discover approaches to improve the business floor with new plan to meet deals objectives. I likewise ensure all the bookkeeping is right and precise, for example, things that should be tallied two times per day, for example, PC iPad top of the line Jewelry and things worth more than $1000. I am capable to ensure this is right consistently. I need to make a point to take a gander at all the receipts ensuring that the thing is gotten appropriately. At the point when I complete my lone wolves in business and human asset I might want to be in a retail situation. I’ve been with this organization around 9 years I believe I have understanding and not the training and that’s why I’m back in school so I won't get turned down a position as a result of the absence of instruction. I trust I could be chosen for a head supervisor position in light of the fact that the training and experience and the classes that I have taken to turn into a director. I should concentrate on improving my presentation at work. The more I find out about what is expected to turn into a head supervisor the simpler it will become when I’ve met my objective. Inside the 3 years of my retail calling I will have my Masters in business and human asset that will give me a more elevated level of instruction. I will have all the more preparing and more experience for the activity of being a preparation office administrator. I have had 2 administrator position in aafes I have been in the situation as a Burger King supervisor and a Retail Manager. I accept with my experience and training I will be more than equipped for the following positions. Inside the 5 years of my retail calling I might want to turn into a retail HR anager I will have my Masters by then I’ll have experience being a senior supervisor and food chief additionally being a preparation office director and that would be my fantasy occupation and I would stay with that until I resign. I would be progressively learned of the distinctive occupation titles. I would have more understanding on what you can do in the organization and what you can’t do in the organization. I would have the experience to submit sure the representatives questions are dealt with and be progressively proficient inside the organization so I could be effective of helping the workers on various levels. The profession way that I have picked will profit my family. They generally state â€Å"hard work pays off â€Å"(Evans, Stephanie) and I accept that I would need to forfeit my ends of the week and occasions with my family for forthcoming years for the activity I had always wanted. I couldn't imagine anything better than to have a 9-to-5 occupation with ends of the week and occasions off however I accept that is a little cost to pay for a long time versus 18 years of the activity you had always wanted. Information is power in my eyes. (Stephanie Evans) I feel that on the off chance that I have the training and encounters that I will be effective in meeting objectives. I am devoted I’m a diligent employee I’m dependable and reliable. The vast majority of my partners come to me since I will share the data that will assist them with being fruitful in this organization too. I have faith in this organization on the grounds that my father served in the Army and my better half is in the at present in the Army. I generally needed to join the Army however I couldn’t on the grounds that I am truly impaired and this is one way I can serve my nation by putting a grin on the essences of the people that serve our nation, risking their life for our opportunity. And all I need to do is to ensure they have extraordinary client assistance and will have incredible experience when they shop at AAFES. References Anderson, L, E., Bolt, S.B. (2013). Polished methodology: Skills for Workplace Success. (third Ed.). Pearson Education Inc. Upper Saddle: New Jersey. http://www.totaljobs.com/professions exhortation/work profile/retail-employments/division supervisor work Step by step instructions to refer to A five-year profession objective arrangement, Papers

The Complete Beginners Guide to Investing in Stock

The Complete Beginner’s Guide to Investing in Stock Investment in stocks is one of the best and easiest ways to accumulate passive income for individuals or families.However, there is a stigma around stock investment. The average person feels stocks are too complex to understand and too risky to be involved with. Especially since the recent financial-economic crisis, people are quite honestly scared of manipulations leading to fluctuations on the stock market. They consider it unreliable. This article aims to give you the basic information so as to alleviate that stigma a little â€" enough so that you consider learning more, and, eventually, invest.WHAT ARE STOCKS?Stock ownership is the physical representation of ownership over part of a business â€" ownership of business shares. Stocks are also called securities, because they give you financial security. Equities is another word for it, because of the equity they give you in the business ownership. Two types are fairly popular â€" common stocks and preferred stocks. This is how commo n stock worksThis is the most popular type of stock for investment. If you own common stock, you are a stockholder, or a business shareholder, who shares the profits or losses of that business. The Board of Directors will be responsible to take the decision how many of the profits to retain back into the company and how much to send out to the stockholders, under the form of dividends. This is how preferred stock worksPreferred stock works a lot like common stock, with several important differences. Once again, the owner of the stock is a shareholder. This time, however, the dividends are paid out at predetermined times. Preferred stock owners have priority over common stock. If a bankruptcy takes place preferred stock holders will have the priority for the chance to recoup their investments from sales or other forms of recoveries. This is why stocks are issuedA company may open their business to stock investment, in order to gather funds. It is a good business model for startup com panies with innovative ideas and leaders with strong entrepreneurial background. On the other hand, stocks are attractive to investors, because they can participate in the economy without participating in business management. Additionally, if the investor is well informed and intentioned, stocks can create far higher returns than other forms of investment. This is how stocks are issued:When you incorporate a company, you need your accumulated capital. Your organization may decide to divide that capital into shares. Let’s say your capital is USD 100  000. If you divide that into 100 shares, the price of each share will be USD 1000. You may choose to come up with most of that capital yourself, hence remaining the main shareholder, and invite friends, family and other investors to become shareholders in your company. Let’s say your first year you earn USD 2000 in profits. You have to decide how much out of those 2000 you reinvest back in your company. If you choose to reinvest none , you will owe 20 USD earnings per share (EPS) to each of your shareholders. This is how stocks are bought and sold:The initial price of each share might have cost each buyer USD 1000 in the beginning (from the example above). However, that price will not be permanent on the stock market. Say you keep paying out 20 USD earnings per share (EPS) to each of your shareholders. This is not a worth investment. And they will try to sell out their shares for less than their value. If your profit is greater, the price will also be proportionately higher on the stock market. The stock market is nothing more than a system of actors buyers and sellers where said actors are nothing more than individuals representing themselves or other buyers and sellers, that are looking for matching interests to obtain or dispose of stocks at a certain price. It is nothing more than a marketplace. And the price depends on the supply-and-demand rules. Manipulating the supply-and-demand rules is often the unde rlying source behind financial crises. HOW TO MAKE MONEY FROM THE STOCK MARKET?Earning from stock is not as complicated as it sounds. Profiting, however, is another matter. Here are several factors you need to consider:Dividend yield on costThe dividend yield is a simple financial calculation. It is the ratio between the amount of money you would earn per today’s rate in dividends, and the current market price of the stock. It is expressed in a percentage. The dividend yield is an interesting concept for future investors because it allows them to compare investing in stock to investing in other financial products that offer a return in an annual percentage rate products such as bonds. However, if you have invested in a successful company, the dividend rate will increase over time, unlike with bonds, where the return is fixed. That is why, the dividend on cost is actually a more important variable, when you consider the subject of your investment. The divined yield tells you how m uch you would profit today from dividends if you bought stock today. The dividend yield on cost is the ratio between the amount of money you earn per today’s rate in dividends and the price you paid originally instead of the price today. Watch out for dividend traps though. Some stock investments may look great based on dividend yield on cost only. Dividend yield on cost can be manipulated. If you see too-good-to-be-true dividend rates, that could mean a hefty law suit or bankrupt lurking around the corner. To save yourself from dividend traps compare the rates to other years or other companies in the industry. You will notice the rates vary within some limits. If the difference from the average is too high, there is almost certainly something fishy. Price to earnings ratioThe price earnings ratio is a convenient metric for assessing the prospect value of a companys stock price compared to the current financial status of a company. (You will also come across it being spelled as th e p/e ratio.)Originally popularized by Benjamin Graham, this ratio is thought to be one of the fastest and easiest ways to determine whether a stock is safe for investment or its value is being manipulated â€" which means it is being used for speculation on the market. So what is the price-to-earnings ratio? The p/e ratio is the price an investor is paying for one dollar of a companys earnings.Let’s say you have stock in a company called STOK. STOK reported to earnings per share amounting to 3.5 USD. If the stock is selling for 28 USD per share then you divide 28 USD price per share to 3.5 USD profits per share and your ratio is 8. For your calculation you will need to figure out the basic or diluted earnings per share, where the diluted earnings per share is preferred. That could be tricky for beginners. The good news is most financial portals will automatically calculate and show you the price-to-earnings ratio for the stock you are interested in. This ratio will be helpful to y ou to sift through the companies selling at a high price because they have caught the trendy wave, but actually have no real worth to support those numbers. Have in mind that in the various industries the p/e ratio ranges considered to be acceptable will differ from each other. Tech companies will usually have an average price-to-earnings of about 20, whereas textile manufacturers   usually sell at a ratio of about 8. To a large extend that depends on the expectation of growth.What does that mean in terms of designing your investment portfolio? You need to A) Compare the prices within the industry, B) Compare the history of prices within the same industry, C) eliminate outliers, D) ultimately go for the lowest p/e ratio.Have in mind price-to-earnings can never be the only variable on which you base your decisions. Some accounting rules and incorrect estimates of future growth can affect the price-to-earnings ratio significantly.    HOW TO INVEST?The first step towards beginning you r stock investment career is to open a brokerage account. It is just an account that have with a stock brokerage firm. You deposit money with them â€" you can make a direct payment or hook a bank account to them. When the money is available at their disposal, you can use it to invest different amount and variety of stocks. You will order your broker to sell or buy for you and they will do it for a fee or a percentage of the transaction.You can choose between a cash brokerage account and a margin account. With a cash account you to deposit cash in advance and with a margin account, you could also borrow from your broker against certain assets at a low-interest rate. As a beginner, it is safer to opt for a cash brokerage account.The next step would be to learn more about the types of deals you can order from your broker. Limit orders for example give you the option to impose a limit on the maximum price you will owe or the minimum price you would accept when you are trading with stock s. Meaning you can use limit orders to purchase stock only when its price falls under a certain threshold. Another type of order you should know about are the all-or-none orders. Most times, when you order an acquisition of a large amount of common stock, of the same company your broker will fulfil your order over the course of days or weeks. This will prevent you from distorting the market â€" if you leave a large order open that might increase the demand and, with that, raise the price.However, if you want to place an order that should be executed at the same price, the solution is to make it an all-or-none trade. For your broker that would mean he would have to do it as a single transaction, or not perform on the order at all. Another factor you have to consider is the expiration day of your order. When you place an order, have to give a deadline to when it can be executed. The first type are the ‘day orders’ those are valid until the end of the day for the stock market. Aft erwards those are canceled and no more attempts will be done to execute them. Market orders are usually done as day orders. The second type you should consider are the GTC orders. It is an acronym for Good-till-Canceled. Those are valid until you end the order, until they are completed in full, or until 60 day from the order pass.GTC orders have their risks. First, you need to be conscious of your placed order â€" especially during a volatile market events may occur that will require you to end your order before it was executed. Second, if you place a large order as GTC, you will pay a fee to your broker every time they act on it. For example, if you place an order to purchase 1000 shares from a company, and they do it in 10 equal steps, a commission will go out to them with each purchase. However, if multiple steps are performed in the same day, you should actually be charged once only.Remember, all market orders will be executed by your broker unless you manage to cancel them befo re they become possible. That means you are not in control of the price. If you want to stay in control of the price you should consider placing limit orders or stop orders, which will turn into market orders under certain conditions.  Always consider revenue over cost. The entire cost. Never forget to factor in the amounts your broker charges as a commission. Have in mind the capital gains tax as well, since that will become greater each year. But how to decide where to invest? The answer is simple and at the same time, it is complex. Long story short, you need to do some comparison and then some research. Look for deals that look lucrative based on the dividend yield on cost and the price to earnings ratio. Do a historic and inter-industry comparison. Consider using a robo-advisor. Once you have set your eyes on a company, do some follow-up research. Could there be bankruptcy on the line? Are any big scandals happening? Are any important customers leaving? SUCCESS STORIESNow that you know the most important rules, you must be curious to know when you could have been now if you had joined the stock market years ago. Here are the financial results you could have benefited from if you had invested in one of three famous brands a decade ago:TeslaCEO Elon Musk is a public personality, not unfamiliar to. Teslas stock, however, seems to be on an upswing. Shares were going up 2% following the news that Consumer Reports were recommending the Tesla 3, now with a better performance.If you had invested in Tesla back in 2010, when the company became public and made its initial public offering, a thousand-dollar investment in the company would give you about 12 times the return as of mid 2018, when you factor in price appreciation and dividends reinvested. AppleAnother company famous for the questionable behavior of their CEO, Apple, has often been both complimented for the vision of Steve Jobs and reprimanded for the faults of his behavior. If you had invested a thousand dollars in Apple back in 2008, that would have put more than $7,200 in your wallet ten years later, in 2018, when you factor in price appreciation and dividends reinvested.NetflixNetflix is, on the contrary, considered to be quite scandal-free. A company that revolutionized the way people access movies, series and shows was thought to have a shaky future in the beginning, but it has managed to establish itself and is pretty stable on the stock market. If you had invested a thousand dollars in Netflix back in 2007, that would have earned you more than a hundred thousand dollars years later, in 2018, when you factor in price appreciation and dividends reinvested. That means a return of more than a 100 times the investment. The greatest reason for Netflix’s success on the stock market is the unexpected growth of its subscriber’s base. THE WORST INVESTMENT MISTAKESYou must be impatient now to begin your stock investment journey. But holt, please make sure you don’t do any of the four worst mistakes you could fall victim to while planning your investments in the stock market:Don’t fall victim to the TVOnce you get interested in the stock market, you will discover an entire new world. Sources, articles, papers, and even entire TV shows dedicated to the projections and analysis of the marketplace.Use your common-sense before you consider the advice of TV personality on the small screen. The opinions of those ‘experts’ may make sense to a newbie, but a real investor will know better than to trust anything they say blindly. TV ‘experts’ may mislead you with or without intention to take action in the wrong direction. More often than not they will be commenting on rather obvious trends rather than actually providing you with valuable information. Additionally, depending on the size of the audience, their preaching might distort the market and lead to different than expected results. Don’t fall victim to ratiosFormulas and calculations can seem the perf ect safety system against bad decisions. It is not just numbers and indexes. Get out of the mathematics and think about the real world when you take your decisions. Talk to your friends. Discuss your projections with advisors. Do you know anyone with a good investment sense? A friend with an impeccable profit record can always confirm or reject your wildest intentions. Advice by investment robots can put you on the right track, but real life experts are so far the best intelligence to predict how the market will behave. Dont get too comfortableDont get too set in your ways. It is in the nature of every market to change. Make sure you always ask yourself several questions before you take any important decision about your investment portfolio. Most importantly â€" ‘Do I really have a reason to believe my expectations will not mislead me.’Since 2008, the stock market has been watched over through a magnifying glass. It is not a rare view to see large loses followed by profits and t hen suddenly more losses. Accurate predictions of the market behavior is a but you can always take some common sense steps to make sure your investments are supported by some positive-trend data.Dont ever rush into a dealLast but not least, if youre planning on getting into stock investments, always make sure you keep yourself level-headed. You can never act on a hunch. Especially when the market is experiencing heavy volatility, all variables will be off track and you might be tempted to act irrationally. Always keep the long-term trend in sight and consider how all your actions will affect your investments in the future.There is never one plan of action you can adopt to always make sure you take the right decision. Sometimes what seems right will betray your hopes, while an obvious mistake may make you a fortune, out of pure luck. However, you cannot afford to count on chance. If you do, you are little better than a gambler. A well-balanced portfolio where you have included a mix of stocks, bonds and other securities is perhaps your best bet against potential bad surprises and loss.While it takes some of the fun away, you are way better-off if you play your cards carefully. CONCLUSIONInvesting in the stock market, to a beginner, looks like a parallel universe. It is the same brands and companies you know from the news, or from the logos on products you use in your everyday life. However, there are new rules to learn. You need to teach yourself to look at the same news and same companies from an entirely new perspective. Just as any other field, investments of time and money can look intimidating, but once you learn how to behave on the market, you might find yourself a very lucrative and fascinating hobby.

Psychological Ethics - 782 Words

Introduction Ethics are an essential part of the administration of psychological tests. Psychological tests are an important tool in terms of many professions in an array of settings such as in clinical psychology, education, and even business. However, misuse of psychological test by the administrators is a constant and troubling issue that has the potential to harm the individuals involved and even society as a whole. For test takers, the misuse of a psychological test could result in improper diagnoses or inappropriate decision making. The misuse of tests reflects very poorly on the professional organizations along with highly trained test users and overall will result in poor decisions that may harm society in both an economic and†¦show more content†¦The right to know who will have access to test data and the right to confidentiality of test results, the test takers will be acknowledge about the person who will be in charge of their results. Labeling Labels may affect ones access to help. Labeling someone shyness may be self-fulfilling prophecy .Because some people may not be able to change their shyness or may see their shyness as a positive impact in their lives even though the test results shows that shyness have negative impact on their success. Labels may imply a person is not responsible, may increase the risk that the person labeled will feel passive. In view of potentially negative affects of labeling a person should have the right not to be labeled. Invasion of privacy. Informed consent Self-determination is a right to every individual which means that individuals are entitled to receive complete explanations in regards to why exactly they are being tested as well as how the results of the test will be used and what their results mean. These complete explanations are commonly known as informed consent and should be conveyed in such a way that is straight-forward and easy for examinees to understand. Student may give his/her their consent because he/she does not fully understand what the research will involve. Having taken part, he/she is in a better position to give their informed consent and if necessary exercise the right to withdraw. While conducting theShow MoreRelatedPsychological Assessment And Ethics Of Forensic Psychology1675 Words   |  7 Pages Psychological Assessment and Ethics Debra Deering FO611 Ethics and Professional Issues in Forensic Psychology Professor Cathy Donnell February 8, 2015 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III. 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The debates over the effectiveness and identification of students with disabilities highlight a couple of the ways in ethical issues underlie special education. Yet, this is only the tip of the ethical iceberg. Issues of ethics are also pervasive in special education assessment, instruction, curriculum, service delivery, funding, and research. Due to the thorny ethical and political issues for special education practitioners, policy makers and researchers, it is criticalRead MoreEthics And Ethics Code Standards972 Words   |  4 PagesEthics is suggestive of what is morally right from wrong. This principle applies to many areas professionally and to human beings as they draw on such thoughts. On the other hand, there is more at risk for a professional to act in their best interest by being aware of regulations, limitations, confidentiality, and ethical principles. Subsequently, a violation in the before mentioned can lead to harm, distress, and lawsuits. In the field of psychology, ethics applies not only to human participants

American History Unit 12 Exam Review Essay examples

American History Exam Review Unit 12 1. Name the empires that were located in America before the arrival of Europeans. The Inca, the Olmec, the Maya, the Aztec, the Moundbuilders, the Iroquois, the Five Civilized Tribes. 2. Name where each tribe was located ( North or South America) and one accomplishment for each of the empires. 3. What was a joint stock company? A joint stock company was when people bought shares in companies that were hoping to explore the New World. 4. What were the new inventions that made exploration easier? (3 items) The new inventions that made exploration easier were advances in cartography, navigation, and shipbuilding. 5. Who were Vasco da Gama and†¦show more content†¦19. What was a Minuteman? A minuteman was a group of colonists who formed a militia that got to battles quickly 20. Who was Samuel Adams? Samuel Adams was a member of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, brother of John Adams, and led to the Boston Tea Party. 21. What were the events leading up to the Boston Tea Party? The Boston Massacre led up to the Boston Tea Party 22. What was the result of the Boston Tea Party? ( be specific) The result was the Intolerable Acts, including the Boston Port Act, the Quebec Act, the Quartering Act and the Massachusetts Government Act. 23. What was the Continental Congress? The Continental Congress was a group of representatives from each colony who got together to discuss the revolution. 24. Who was George Washington and why was he important to American history? George Washington was a U.S general who wins battles ( and losses some) and goes on to become the first President of the United States of America. 25. What was the Declaration of Independence? The Declaration of Independence was the political document that declined America’s independence. 26. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, and Samuel Adams wrote the Declaration of Independence. 27. 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Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation Free Essays

How to reduce absenteeism in organisations 1. Identify the causes for an employee’s absenteeism. If you can find out why an employee is consistently absent, then you can deal more effectively with the problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, if an employee is often absent because of issues with childcare, you could offer them the option of more flexible working hours. 2. Implement a thorough record system. For every employee, you should record the date, duration and reason for each case of absenteeism. This way you will have evidence of each absence if you need to refer back to it. 3. Meticulously follow up on each case of absenteeism. You should write a letter recording each case of absenteeism and distribute it to the employee. This will make them aware they are being monitored and make them more likely to think before they take a sick day. 4. Properly inform and regularly update your employees about your standards and policies regarding absenteeism. If you make a change to your absenteeism policy, make sure you let your employees know. Even if you don’t make a change, you should still remind your employees regularly of the standards you have in place. You could do this via a company-wide email or memo. Employee absence is a significant cost to 90% of businesses, according to the survey. This section outlines ten tips to help you in managing absence and tackling poor performance in the workplace. Top 10 Absence Management Tips: Create an absence policy and communicate it 2 Record and measure absence 3 Reduce absenteeism by enforcing and managing the staff absence policy 4 Follow employee absence with return to work interviews 5 Proactive absence management – reward excellent attendance 6 Be realistic – plan for unscheduled staff absence 7 Consider unpaid leave or options to buy more holiday time 8 Minimise absence by improving their working conditions 9 Make controlling absenteeism a business priority 10 Keep your staff absence policy up-to-date How to cite Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation, Essay examples

ERP in Public Administration Enterprise Resource

Question: Describe about the ERP in Public Administration for Enterprise Resource. Answer: Introduction ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning and it is a business process management system which is includes a set or methods and techniques that allow the system to use integrated set of applications towards achieving the business objectives. ERP includes the automation of a number of back office services associated with the technology, people resources in the organization, operations and many others. Implementation of ERP in the public administration requires a number of steps and a detailed plan to achieve the objectives and come out with fruitful results at the end of the process. ERP Implementation: Objectives of Public Administration There are a number of objectives that the public administration targets while implementing the ERP systems in its architecture and infrastructure. The prime objective behind the implementation of ERP systems in public administration is to overcome the drawbacks and loopholes of the existing systems. Following is a list of the objectives that are associated with the procedure (Motiwalla and Thompson, 2012). To speed up the processes that are involved in the public administration by integration all of the applications on a common platform and automating the major set of activities To achieve the potential growth rate associated with the services of the public administration and the associated functions and operations by providing better quality results in lesser turnaround time To achieve higher return on investment through the services of the public administration and the associated functions and operations by providing better quality results in lesser turnaround time To provide information to the customers and the associated stakeholders at a non-stop basis that is on the basis of 24x7 availability so that the customers feel engaged and connected with the public administration at all times (Patrick, 2016) To provide enhanced decision making and problem solving ability to the management and administrative unit engaged with the public administration through the ERP Systems to ensure streamlined and organized work structure and services at all times To include the element of scalability with the business operations through the involvement of ERP Systems to enable them to be scaled up or scaled down as per the changing conditions The objectives that have been set up by the public administration in association with the implementation of the ERP Systems focus broadly upon the return of investment, management decisions, customer services and enhanced growth of the public administration as a whole. There are also certain expectations of the customers from the present day businesses and operations in terms of the availability of information and the flexibility and scalability of the operations as well. These system qualities have also been included in the set of objectives of the ERP Systems for the public administration. These objectives are therefore been set up rightly and aptly by the organization to gain maximum out of the ERP Systems implemented at the public administration. However, there is one element that is missing from the list of objectives that are set for the public administration. The missing element is the security of data and information. Data security is one of the major concerns that is associa ted with the current technology and the same has not been incorporated in the public administrations list of objectives (Nickmutt, 2016). Critical Success Factors for ERP Implementation There are a number of Critical Success Factors that are present in the ERP implementation associated with the public administration. These factors have been categorized in three broad categories as explained and listed below. People Related Factors Factors related to the human or people resources are the critical success factors that are included in this category. The skills that are present with the people included in the implementation of ERP for the technical and effective project management Assistance from the op management resources that are associated with ERP implementation Involvement of the users and the client in the ERP implementation process Leadership abilities of the team leads and the managers associated with the implementation process Motivation and team spirit among every resource engaged with the implementation process (Ziemba and Oblak, 2013) Process Related Factors Factors that are associated with the operational and functional decisions are the process related factors. Clarity of the requirements and specifications that are specified for the ERP implementation Clarity of the goals, aims and objectives that are specified for the ERP implementation Realistic budget and schedule that has been designed for the implementation of the ERP systems Risk management process that is associated with the implementation of the ERP systems Quality standards and practices that are followed during the implementation of the ERP systems Planning activities that are associated with the implementation process and the subsequent activities related to the same Clarity of the roles, responsibilities and tasks that are associated to the resources that are engaged with the implementation procedure Technology Related Factors These are the factors that are related with the technology that is utilized during the implementation of the ERP Systems in the public administration Level of knowledge and familiarity with the technology that is followed in the implementation procedure of the ERP Systems Presence and accessibility to the tools and equipment that are required for the application of the technology The complexity of the operations and the integration of the same with the technology that is opted Difference between Critical Success Factors with the Private Sector There are a lot many differences in the critical success factors that have been listed above for the public administration and the ones that are present in the private sector in association with the ERP implementation. Legislative, social and public accountability are the elements that largely determine the critical success factors in case of the public administration. However, these elements have a lesser impact in case of the private sectors. Also, the factors such as organizational culture and associated factors along with the relationship and knowledge management come up as major issues in the ERP adoption for public administration which directly impact the critical success factors that are associated with it. The same has again a lesser impact and association in case of the private sectors (Wagner, 2016). ERP Implementation: Organizational Commitment and focus on Business Process Management The required level of organizational commitment is high in case of the ERP implementation in the public sector. There are a lot of objectives that are set up by the public administration that directly depend upon the commitment and support from the end of the organizational. Achievement of the higher growth or the return of investment along with the implementation of the ERP Systems efficiently and effectively can only be done by the assistance and higher commitment from the organization and the resources that are engaged with the same. Business Process Management is also a mandate for achieving success in the implementation process of the ERP Systems. There are a number of components that are associated in the implementation process and the business process as well which must be managed accurately. The first element in the business process management is the continuous process improvement. The activities in the implementation process such as design activities, development and deployment tasks and many others shall be monitored, reviewed and improved continuously. Such an approach will update the system as and when required and will also keep it completely at pace with the changes in the technological and operational framework. The next element that shall be focused upon in case of the overall business process management is the business process re-engineering. This is the process that will automate the non-value added tasks and will help in the achievement of first two objectives of attaining automation and speeding up of the processes. Optimization of end to end processes that will be involved in the implementation of the ERP systems will also be done by thorough analysis and re-design of the workflows that will be present in the enterprise and between enterprises as well. The third element that is present in the business process management is the business automation that would introduce automated systems across all the levels of the organization (Alves and Matos, 2016). It is extremely important to focus upon the three elements of the business process management as all the three are directly related and associated with the objectives that have been set up for the public administration for the implementation of the ERP Systems. These measures will suggest steps to follow for the attainment of the objectives and will also simplify the tasks that will be present within the same. There may also be scenarios of disruptions or the presence of an attack or risk during the implementation process that may adversely affect it. The guidelines suggested in the business process management will also aid the public administration to recover to the normal position in a quick turnaround time. These will also ensure that the root cause of the problem are also eliminated completely so that it does not enter the system again in the future and have the same negative impact resulting out of it. ERP Implementation in Public Sector v/s Private Sector ERP Implementation in Public Sector ERP Implementation in Private Sector Authoritative, social and open responsibility are the components that to a great extent decide the basic achievement considerations associated with the in public sector organization. Likewise, the components, for example, authoritative culture and related variables alongside the relationship and learning administration come up as real issues in the ERP selection for open organization which straightforwardly affect the basic achievement calculates that are connected with it. The components such as accountability in terms of public and legislations have a lesser impact in case of the private sectors. Also, the organizational culture varies a lot in the private sector organizations which reflects in the critical success factors as well Skill sets that are available with the public administration in the current scenario are lesser in sync with the requirement that is otherwise associated with the implementation activities in the ERP Systems Skill sets that are available with the private sector organizations in the current scenario are more in sync with the requirement that is otherwise associated with the implementation activities in the ERP Systems (Alves and Amaral Matos, 2013) Regulatory policies that guard the implementation process of an ERP system in the public administration is followed more judiciously in this sector There are a certain loopholes that exist in the regulatory policies and adherence to the same in the case of the private sector organizations in association with the ERP implementation Importance of Change Management in the ERP Implementation Change Management refers to the process of preparing, managing and reinforcing the changes that are introduced in the system in association with a particular service or activity. There are a lot many changes that are done in the technology and the business operations with each passing day. The case is the same for the ERP systems with the enhancement in the technical processes that are involved. In order to keep the pace with the technology and operations, it is necessary to implement the change management process in the architecture. It will also allow the information to flow smoothly in the entire public administration system (Al-nafjan and Mudimigh, 2016). These changes may be reflected in the form of changes in the job description and skill set of the employees that are associated with the public administration. With the introduction of ERP Systems, there is also a change in the approach with the shift from task based approach to the process based approach. These changes are therefore required to be managed by the defined guidelines and these efficiently managed changes will result in the attainment of the business objectives. There are a number of changes that get introduced post the implementation of ERP Systems such as those in the people relationships and responsibilities. The management of these changes by introduction of user and employee trainings and many other measures will allow the enhancement in employee satisfaction and productivity (Shwetha and Siddalinga, 2016). Conclusion ERP Systems are an integral part of the organizations in the present era and their implementation of the same in the public sector has its own set of elements and issues. The objectives in this case revolve around the customer satisfaction, growth rate, return on investment and management policies. There are also a number of critical success factors that determine the implementation process. Business process management and its elements play a significant role in the entire process. References Al-nafjan, A. and Mudimigh, A., 2016. The impact of change management in ERP System: A Case study of MADAR. [online] Available at: https://www.jatit.org/volumes/research-papers/Vol23No2/5Vol23No2.pdf [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Alves, M. and Amaral Matos, S., 2013. ERP Adoption by Public and Private Organizations-A Comparative Analysis of Successful Implementations. Journal of Business Economics and Management, [online] 14(3), p.500. Available at: https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-338324526/erp-adoption-by-public-and-private-organizations-a [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Alves, M. and Matos, S., 2016. An Investigation into the Use of ERP Systems in the Public Sector. [online] Available at: https://www.ibimapublishing.com/articles/JERPS/2016/950191/950191.pdf [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Motiwalla, L. and Thompson, J., 2012. Motiwalla Thompson, Instructor's Manual (Download only) for Enterprise Systems for Management. [online] Pearsonhighered.com. Available at: https://www.pearsonhighered.com/product/Motiwalla-Instructor-s-Manual-Download-only-for-Enterprise-Systems-for-Management-2nd-Edition/9780132146517.html [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Nickmutt, 2016. ERP Implementation Goals and Objectives. [online] Nickmutt.com. Available at: https://www.nickmutt.com/erp-implementation-objectives.htm [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Patrick, E., 2016. Core Objectives of ERP :: ERP Implementation in an Organization. [online] Fibre2fashion.com. Available at: https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/6106/the-core-objectives-of-erp [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Shwetha, and Siddalinga, 2016. Significance of Change Management in ERP Implementation |. [online] Varnaaz.com. Available at: https://www.varnaaz.com/significance-of-change-management-in-erp-implementation/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Wagner, W., 2016. The ImaginePA Project: The First Large-Scale, Public Sector ERP Implementation: Information Systems Management: Vol 26, No 3. Information Systems Management. [online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10580530903017401?journalCode=uism20 [Accessed 8 Oct. 2016]. Ziemba, E. and Oblak, I., 2013. Critical Success Factors for ERP Systems Implementation in Public Administration. 1st ed.

A Project work of Business Studies On Various Level Of Management Essa

A Project work of Business Studies On Various Level Of Management Essa National College of Computer Studies Paknajol, Kathmandu A Project work of Business Studies On Various Level Of Management Submitted by: Submitted to: Mr. Aashish Regmi Grade: XII L Lecturer Registration no. :NCCSHSS3672 Business Studies Recommendation This is to certify that the project report Submitted by Entitled Various Level of Management Has been prepared as approved for by this department. This field assignment is forwarded for examination. Mr. Aashish Regmi, Mrs. Anuradha Chaudhary, Lecturer HOD Business studies Business studies Mr. Shiva Krishna Dangol Programme Coordinator Bibliography Asmita Books Publisher and Distributer(P)Ltd. Bing.com http://google.com ABBERVIATION HOD Head Of Department Fig. Figure No. Number S. No Serial Number W.W.W World Wide Web ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to acknowledge my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Aashish Regmi for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and inspiration at every stage in my research work .It is no exaggeration to state without his guidance, suggestions and co-operation this study would not have got the shape it has. My sincere thanks and gratitude to the Head of Department Mrs. Anuradha Chaudhari .I also express my special thanks to Mr. Shiva Krishna Dangol , the program co-ordinator. Above all my special mention to our college National College of Computer Science. MANISH MAHARJAN List of Figure Fig. NoTitlePage no 1.1Managerial Level2 2.1Hierarchy In Kathmandu Nursing College7 Table of content Content page no. COVERPAGE RECOMMENDATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABBREVIATION LIST OF FIGURE 1. INTRODUCTION 1-6 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 4 1.3 Objectives of the study 4 1.4 Significance of the study 5 1.5 limitations of the study 5 1.6 Research and Methodology 5 1.7 Organization of study 6 2. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 7-11 2.1 Hierarchy In Kathmandu Nursing College 7 2.2 Function of various level of management in Kathmandu Nursing College 8 2.3 Introduction to the human resource according to hierarchy 9 3. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 12-13 3.1 Summary 12 3.2 Conclusion 12 3.3 Recommendation and conclusion 13 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX APPENDIX

How to Teach Your Students to Write Biography Poems

How to Teach Your Students to Write Biography Poems Biography poems, or Bio poems, are a quick and easy way for young students to learn poetry. They allow students to express their personality and introduce themselves to others, making them a perfect activity for the first day of school. Bio poems can also be used to describe someone else, making them perfect for history lessons or other subjects where students might be studying key historical figures. You will see in the examples below that students can research someone like Rosa Parks, then create a Bio poem on her. Example Bio Poems Here are three examples of Bio Poems. One is about a teacher, one is about a student, and one is about a famous person that students researched. Sample Bio Poem of a Teacher Beth Kind, funny, hard-working, loving Sister of Amy Lover of Computers, Friends, and Harry Potter books Who feels excited on the first day of school, sad when she watches the news, and happy to open a new book Who needs people, books, and computers Who gives help to students, smiles to her husband, and letters to family and friends Who fears war, hunger, and bad days Who would like to visit the pyramids in Egypt, teach the world’s greatest third graders, and read on the beach in Hawaii Resident of California Lewis Sample Bio Poem of a Student Braeden Athletic, strong, determined, fast Son of Janelle and Nathan and brother to Reesa Loves the Diary of a Whimpy Kid books, sports, and Baked Beans Who feels happy when playing with friends, and happy when playing sports and being with his family Who needs books, family, and Legos to by happy in life Who makes people laugh when someone is sad, who likes to gives smiles, and loves hugging Fears the dark, spiders, clowns Would like to visit Paris, France Resident of Buffalo Cox Sample Bio Poem of a Person Researched Rosa Determined, Brave, Strong, Caring Wife of Raymond Parks, and mother of her children Who loved freedom, education, and equality Who loved to stand up for her beliefs, loved to help others, disliked discrimination Who feared racism would never end, who feared she wouldnt be able to make a difference, who feared she wouldnt have enough courage to fight Who changed history by standing up to others and making a difference in equality Who wanted to see an end to discrimination, a world that was equal, and respect was given to all Born in Alabama, and resident in Detroit Parks

War in Iraq and Afganistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

War in Iraq and Afganistan - Essay Example They were office workers, waiters, police, firemen, moms, dads, friends and neighbors. Thereafter began an era of hunting for the terrorists and their links. It involved gathering info from everywhere with techniques like cyber-snooping. Attention was diverted towards Afghanistan as there was no regime as such. The ruling combine called Taliban did not believe in human rights and controlled the country with terror at gun point. Women were treated like third class citizens, not allowed to attend public functions and schools. One prosperous sheikh from Saudi Arab called Osama Bin Laden was there to help the regime with finances and arms. He had his own set of people ranging from nuclear scientists, engineers, villagers and other trusted lieutenants around him. They had their own ideology of calling the countries like US, UK, India, Israel etc. as the enemies of Muslims. For this very reason they gave calls for Jihad against these countries in particular. Afghanistan has the misfortune of being in news for all the wrong reasons since the late 1970s. It was in 1979 that Soviet troupes from the then USSR invaded Afghanistan and engineered a regime change. These forces remained in Afghanistan for the next 10 years, but no t before resistance forces were armed with lethal weapons and trained manpower. Thereafter began a bloody era of revenge when the erstwhile President was hanged in broad daylight in the middle of the road. This bloody has not stopped since then. The areas bordering Pakistan are still full of sympathizers for the terror machine led by the likes of Osama Bin Laden. Prior to 9/11, the world paid little attention towards these terror machines owing to a range of geopolitical issues and diplomatic concerns. But thereafter all eyes were focused towards the regimes which were considered to be unfriendly towards the European nations. Information was being compiled and analyzed from nations like Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Libya. This analysis led to the belief that Afghanistan is the hub of activities for producing the terror suspects while the regime led by President Saddam Hussain was considered having a friendly approach towards the terror suspects. All these factors resulted into formation of a coalition led by US in war against terrorism and the hunting down of the remnants of al Qaeda and Taliban forces in Afghanistan. Though US had forces had earlier bombed some selected targets in Afghanistan, but these bombs failed to find the intended target. This time US did not want to take chances and launched a full-fledged war against terror in Afghanistan. It began on October 7, 2001 when the coalition forces launched the aerial attacks, followed by ground forces advancements. In fact many countries have been tackling this menace of terrorism for many years. This way there has been an ongoing war against terrorism. But the term 'The War on Terrorism' is the name given to the military and diplomatic campaign launched by the United States, with support from NATO and other allies. Stated goal of this campaign is to end international terrorism by preventing 'terrorist' groups from carrying out further attacks. Majority of these groups are Islamists like al-Qaeda, Hezbollah and Hamas. Afghanistan is now free of Taliban government and at present led by President Hamid Karzai with active support from the coalition forces. But the cause of concern is that the main suspect

Project Management in the Saudi Organizations Dissertation

Project Management in the Saudi Organizations - Dissertation Example 16 2.3 Projects and Operations 17 2.4 Strategic fit between organizational and project management 19 2.5 Project Management Knowledge Areas 24 2.6 Overlap between Project Management and other management disciplines 31 2.7 Organizational Influences in Project Management 33 2.8 Performance Measurement constructed 39 2.9 Types of Performance Measures 40 2.10 Attributes of performance measures 41 2.11 Organisational Metrics Categories 43 2.12 Synthesis and research gap 45 Chapter 3: Methodology 48 3.1 Chapter Overview 48 3.2 Aims and objectives of research 48 3.3 Nature of research 49 3.4 Research Philosophy 49 3.5 Research approaches 49 3.7 Data collection methods 51 3.7.1 Questionnaire 51 3.8 Setting of research 52 3.8.1 Unit of Analysis 52 3.9 Population and sample 52 3.9.1 Population 52 3.9.3 Sample Method 53 3.10 Research instrument 53 3.11 Data analysis 54 3.11.1 Methodology Limitations 55 3.11.2 Research Limitations 56 3.11.3 Ethical Considerations 56 3.11.4 Validity and Reliabili ty 56 3.12 Chapter summary 57 Chapter 4 – Data Presentation and Analysis 59 4.1 Chapter Overview 59 4.2 Respondents’ Profile 59 4.3 Importance of Project Management Knowledge Areas and Organizational Performance Measures 63 4.4 Impact of Organisational Performance Measures on Knowledge Areas of Project Management 66 4.5 Results of Paired Casewise T-Test analysis 69 4.6 Chapter Summary 72 The just-concluded chapter presents the data collected by survey questionnaire and spot interview pursuant to the research design and methodology discussed in the preceding chapter. Data on the respondents’ profile, the importance they ascribe the variables identified,... The evolution of organisational structure has been generally responsive to the changing demands of the business and economic environment, in order for firms to ensure survival during downturns and maintain competitiveness in anticipation of recovery. One recent trend that has been largely inspired by the implementation of total quality management in large-scale manufacturing organisations is the move towards more project-based operations and leaner, flatter organisational hierarchies.In relation to this development, management systems and practices have likewise felt the need to evolve together with the organisational structure; however, long-time policies and standards that are in place are not easily or quickly adjusted to suit the new structure. One such system is the body or organisational performance measures which are applied to organisational units to determine their level of performance and by which to assist decision-making, rewards implementation for excellent performance, and adjustments or sanctions for laggard performance. The introductory chapter sets the context of the research and identifies the problem it seeks to address. The background to the topic under study is provided to impart to the reader an understanding of the issue to be resolved. The research objectives and problem statement are thereafter stated to draw focus on the precise intentions of the research.

Impact of New Media Technology on International Law

Impact of New Media Technology on International Law To what extent can it be argued that new media technologies have impacted on the structure of international news? The concept of globalization has changed the way or perhaps the structure of international news and represents a key component in the media transformation. It implies that the new media technologies plays an important role in enhancing globalization by allowing mass flowing of information between countries and intercultural societies. However, the rise of citizen journalism and internet seems to challenges the traditional way of international news structure. First of all, globalization has made an impact on the editorial structure and content in international news structure. Globalization is best describes as a transformation process while the development of new media technologies like internet and satellite system is an important part it. Flew (2007) describes globalization as a process rather an outcome or a collective tendencies of economic, political, social and cultural relations across nation’s border. Therefore globalization creates new forms of international journalism, the political ideas, economic events and communication spread much more easily and widely than before. The global news system is driven by technology and spread through the different media form such as international news broadcasts, televisions programming, internet and even satellite radio broadcasting. In fact, Kperogi (2011) points out that foreign news and local news continues to co-exist but become networked and blended together, creating new form of j ournalism. However audience are still basically primarily concern on their own national news while national interests are still the main aspects in journalism. Holm (2001) agreed that the content in the international news structure was always about political and economic event in foreign countries. In that case, this foreign news is facing competitive pressures with the other sensualizes and entertainment news. However with the new media technologies such as satellite and cable system, more and more people are getting concerned about the issues happened around the globe. Foreign news is now known as global news; therefore new agencies have the need to expand news productions and developed a more professionalism practices in the news coverage. Reese (2010) argues that international news agencies have to position themselves within transnational relationships, while maintaining their norms and logics to engage with the local practices. CNN as an example, an US based satellite and cable channel, now has a specific column for international news coverage such as Africa, Asia, Europe and Middle East in the website. Therefore the selection of international news must not just reflect global interests but also address to the local community. Likewise, globalization as a post-modern world phenomenon has eventually the shaped the role and practice of journalists to mediate the news between the nation and the global interest. As Volkmer (1999) argues that the globalization and journalism has reflected the new categories of media, practice, professionals, and content which they need to redefine into global perspective. Todays, every media people have the computer and internet access to international 24 hours news feed. The digitalization of information and the development of new media technologies with the capacity to store the information and permitting the convergence of information have contributed in spreading a global agenda. This evolution of news system has been seen in some of the international news agencies in the past 19th century such as Reuters and AP which had become the emergence of today’s modern global news system. Journalists and reporters are assigned throughout all over the world even the war zone l ike Palestine and Iraq with the objective to cover and report any significant live event happened in the country. The transformation in the structure of international news communication has created the perception of a shrinking world through intercultural connectivity. Thus people are getting more concern with the global news, especially when it has huge political, economic and social impact to the world. New media technologies allow the people to access to foreign news, while breaking news, live event and exclusivity have resulted changing demand in international news coverage. The reason is because people always wanted to be the first to know what is happening and it must be huge, example like the 911 incidents the people around the world are able connect to live news reporting but also in the same time they have also witnessed the second terrorist plan attack during the news reporting in the their TV screen as it is happening. International news reporting has expanded widely and can be received throughout the world. CNN, Al-Jazeera and even BBC do not just exist in their origin country; foreign operational offices also have been established across the world. Therefore, it could be argued that new media technologies and the Internet have stimulated this interconnectedness between countries and lead to the rapid spread of information, news, content and programming. Furthermore as the media corporations expand globally, the structure and content in the international news become more and more saturated which people have been bombarded by different kind of political reinscribed messages. Basically, media consists of propaganda potential to narrow down the range of ideas in the public sphere and restrict debate among the citizens. McComb Shaw (1997) describes media has the powerful influence in determine the agenda and highlight certain issue in the society. With new media technologies, these effects certainly become global and visible especially throughout this cultural sensitivity world. To illustrates this, Israel-Palestinian and middle-east conflicts are now the international central agenda, by consistently highlighting and broadcasting on going live events such as the war in Israel and Palestine, the international media create a new form of public sphere and awareness. However as media grow in scale and centrality in international news report ing, the degree to which media constructs the agenda in news become an issue. Reese (2009) argues that the notion of globalization leads to another way to describe Americanization, cultural imperialism and transnational capitalism. One of the assumptions is that the international news agencies are very much controlled by the political elite group in the western countries. Neither do they are not covering enough news in the developing countries, the international news are still very much constructed in a very selective and biased way. Furthermore, due to the commercialised and privatisation in the media, the competition among those media tycoons has been reduced to few with media corporations are largely concentrate on fewer owner. Therefore media today are moving across national borders and building alliances with local forms through conglomeration and integration. One of the very good examples perhaps would be News Corporation owned by Rupert Murdoch. With the subsidiaries in Europ e, United States of America, Asia and Australia, Murdoch has successfully expanded his global media empire through the establishment of satellite TV systems (Flew, 2007). The international media system today is largely owned by Western Corporations, with not even single one is coming from developing countries. It would be wise to say that the current international news agenda is imbued with westernised ideology. For instances, the participation of the minority group such as the African American are very much underrepresented in the media while the hunger and poverty in South Africa seldom been highlighted in the international news agenda. It is perhaps these international agenda does not seem to create a political and economy interest to the westernised country. On the hand, the conflicts happened in the Islamic middle-east countries have been the central of the international news. This is because these people who own these technologies of satellite and cable system as well as the r esources are basically the white magnates, who have the tied relationship with the ruling class members. Thus they have the direct power to control the content and agenda in international media. From the political economy perspective, new media technologies has been seen as propaganda tools by these political elite groups members to spread their ideology into international level. The international news agenda somehow has been pre-constructed by the representatives such as journalists, editors and political figures to protect the dominant westernised ideology. Despite the media conglomeration impacted on the international news agenda, the rise of the new internet phenomenon, the citizen journalism, seems to challenge the traditional way of international news cover. In fact, Goode (2009) defines citizen journalism as a range of web-based practices whereby ordinary user engages in journalistic practices. These practices include current affairs blogging, photo and video sharing and even posting eyewitness opinion on current events in social network. Indeed, new technologies has eventually changed the practices of journalism while new digital media such as Facebook, Twitter, DIGG and even The Huffington Post have connected the world and lower the distinctions between professional journalists and netizen. Likewise Dahlgren (2005) points out that the internet has the potential to democratize the current public sphere and lead to strengthened political interest and participation among the citizens in a long term effect. With computerized technolo gy, satellite TV and the Internet have contributed to the cost-effective communication which it stimulates the home-made news production phenomenon among the citizens without the contents of being filtered by the gatekeeper. Citizens can often report breaking news more quickly than traditional news agencies. Social media like Twitter and Facebook enable a powerful form of citizen journalism with live coverage of events such as the war in Israel and Gaza as it is happening. It is perhaps citizen journalism has been act as form of pre-alert form of news. As Reese et. al. (2007) argues that blogging and other social media have helped create an interlocking dialog between professionals and citizens. In fact, rather than competing against each other, professional media seems to take citizen journalism into account and are responsible to embrace their efforts. CNN with new media technologies allows the people around the world have to opportunity to contribute the unfiltered or uncensored video and text-based news report (Kperogi, 2011: 319). Furthermore this digitalised form of news allows rapidly retransmitted effect throughout the world while commentaries were available in the social media platform (E.g. Youtube video-sharing to Facebook). Such news and information sharing phenomenon eventually contribute to the development of meta-journalism, and offer diverse range of alternatives news sources in the internet. Therefore social media established a healthy form of public sphere where individual opinion can be heard and dialogue between the citizen and social institution could be formed. In this sense, the international news agencies sometimes do rely on the information from the citizens, especially when they do not have direct access or footage to the news coverage of the event. Professional sometimes selects and edits user-generated content before it actually published online. Indeed new digital media beyond most of the media regulation and gatekeeper control enable to create democratic practices in international news structure. However the practices of citizen journalism still remains scrutiny. Goode (2009) argues that the online communities lack of professionalism and credibility in this participatory news production. Although internet enable new form of public sphere, by creating the opportunity to publicize criticisms and comments, and to engage in a continuous dialogue, the accuracy of the news still much be questioned. This is because everyone on the internet can write and post anything about any issues in the internet. Unlike the professional journalism, the news without gatekeeper can be written without based on any facts, while the photo footage we seen on the internet might not be true and have been reconstructed by any computer tools like Photoshop and Video editor. Basically citizen journalism does not empower individual in any perspective. Again with the Israel-Gaza conflicts, the citizens in the country used twitter to routinely update about the news with the Hashtag features available (e.g. #IsraelGaza), but it still would not change anything. Therefore the credibility and objectivity of citizen journalism somehow still need to examine. In conclusion, international news structure has been deeply affected by the new media technologies in the process of globalization. Media, practice, professionals, and content have to restructure into global perspective. While majority of the international news agency are owned by Western Corporation, new media technologies are essential propagate to shape the ideological agenda into international level. The rise of citizen journalism on the other hand creates the opportunity for the public participation in news production which public opinion and dialogue between the citizen and social institution could be formed. Therefore, new media technologies to certain extent still plays a critical role in helping international news organization act as a watchdog to monitor issues around the world. References DAHLGREN, P. (2005) ‘The internet, public spheres, and political communication’, Political Communication, 22:2, 147–62. FLEW, T. (2007) Understanding global media: Globalization and global media corporations, Palgrave: London. GOODE, L. (2009) Social news: citizen journalism and democracy, New Media Society, 11, 1287-1305. HJARVARD, S. (2001) News media and the globalization of the public sphere in in HJARVARD, S. (2001) News in a globalized society, Nordicom: Goreborg, 113-128. HOLM, H. (2001) ‘The effect of globalization on media structures and norms: globalization and the choice of foreign news’ in HJARVARD, S. (2001) News in a globalized society, Nordicom: Goreborg, 113-128. KPEROGI, F. (2011) Cooperation with the corporation? CNN and the hegemonic cooptation of citizen journalism through iReport.com, New Media society, 13, 314-329. McCOMBS, M. E., Shaw, D. L. (1997) Communication and Democracy: Exploring the intellectual frontiers in agenda-setting theory, Mahwah, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum. Reese, S. D., Lou Rutigliano, Kideuk Hyun Jaekwan Jeong (2007) Mapping the blogosphere: Citizen-based media in the global news arena, cited in REESE, S. (2010) Journalism and globalization, Sociology Compass, 4: 6, 344-353. REESE, S. D. (2009) The future of journalism in emerging deliberative space, Journal: Theory, Practice and Criticism, 10: 3, 362-364. REESE, S. D. (2010) Journalism and globalization, Sociology Compass, 4: 6, 344-353. VOLKMER, I. (1999) News in the global sphere: A study of CNN and its impact on global communication, cited in REESE, S. (2010) Journalism and globalization, Sociology Compass, 4: 6, 344-353.

Pro- Cell Phones and Ipods in School Essay

Alex Hightower Cell phones are taking over high schools, let’s face it. In this day and age cell phones and mp3 players are almost a necessity. Have you ever been sitting in the middle of class and you hear a cell phone go off? The common reaction is to look and see whose phone it was, then you lose focus and the teacher has to repeat what they were saying. This gets most teachers mad and many students upset. Students believe that teachers taking their phones away are not fair, when really you should have been paying attention to the lesson instead of distracting another student from learning. The teachers do not want to take the  cell phone  or mp3 players away from you but it is part of their job duties. They just want what is best for you and they want you to succeed in life. Many school administrators have taken the position that school rules should prohibit the use of  cell phones  and mp3 players during class, tests, and exams and in the bathroom. I disagree. I think that they should allow cell phones and mp3 players in school. For one, it is safer to let children have their phones so they can contact their parents during the day, that way the parents know that their child is safe at school. If there is an emergency or accident the parents would want to know about it and if everyone is okay. The school board can only send out a voicemail so quickly and it would have all the information that their child would. It also wouldn’t give specific information pertaining to the child. It would send them into a panic, worrying that their kid is injured. If they were allowed to use their phones, they would call their parents and tell them that everything is okay. That would also relieve the stress of the school board about having to tell the parents because the kids would have already done it. Most kids these days have low attention spans. Those same kids also listen to music in their spare time. For example, while they read or do homework and likely concentrate better while doing this. So if we let them listen to music on their iPods or mp3 players during silent work, they would talk to other class mates less and they would finish their work more accurately and faster. Using iPods in class during silent work would help the kids do their work more accurately. Another concern is that a class mate might steal another class mate’s cell phone or mp3 player. This can happen but might be less likely if the student is allowed to use it. If the student is allowed to text in class he or she is going to check their phone or mp3 player more often than they would if they weren’t allowed to text or listen to music in class. Cell phone and mp3 players can be distracting in class, while teaching, but that’s why, rather than banning them, there should be a guide line set. The cell phone or mp3 player doesn’t need to be out the entire day or the entire class period but they also don’t need to be banned altogether. They should be used appropriately throughout the school day and emergencies. They also shouldn’t be taken if the student is caught with a cell phone or mp3 player. The ones that get caught are usually the ones contacting a parent because they are sick and not paying attention to the teacher. Having the phone sit in the office makes the school directly responsible for whether or not the cell phone is stolen or broken, which could result in a law suit, depending on the parents and the type of cell phone. Whoever pays the bill for the cell phone wouldn’t be happy if they can’t get to it because they have to work and it just sits in the office, causing them to pay for something that’s not being used. There is no real downside to letting students have their cell phones mp3 players in class. It’s better for parents who may need to contact their kids during school hours. It’ll help kids concentrate in class. It could make them use their phones less; we are more likely to do something were not allowed to do. That’s why we should allow cell phones and mp3 players in school.

Analysis of the Marks of an Educated Person Essay

In an analysis of â€Å"The Marks of an Educated Person† the author writes about three different individuals and shows whether or not they qualify as educated people. He also writes about the purpose of education and what it means to be an educated Christian. The author refers to three individuals in his writing: Mary, Tom, and Pat. He talks about their personalities and their concentrations towards education. Mary is a narrowly focused individual that focusses on her major, her electives, her extracurricular activities, and her work experience. Mary is trained in her specific area but she is not educated. I see myself as being a lot like Mary. I feel like I spend a lot of time focusing on the same things as Mary. Tom is a popular, socially successful person. He is a social conformist, therefore he is not educated. Pat enjoys learning and has a broad education in many different areas. She has skills in other areas other than her major. It is my desire to be more like Pat. I want to find enjoyment in learning and hope to become a â€Å"jack of all trades† in the field of education. Being broad is one important thing to me; I would like to be able to have a wide range of knowledge instead of only having knowledge in one area. The author then introduces Aristotle stating that education should prepare a person for an active life marked by excellence. To me this means that a person should have a wide array of knowledge. Aristotle refers to the good life as â€Å"fulfillment† or â€Å"self-actualization†. Unlike during the time of Aristotle, fulfillment now seems to bring feeling of satisfaction and Aristotle meant is as an achievement. Self-actualization now sounds individualistic and self-centered; for Aristotle it represents the full actualization of human capacities in the activities of their lives. This is significant because it shows the change in thought over the generations. This supports my thoughts that people of earlier generations were â€Å"more educated† than people of our times. I do not know if this is lack of good education or the mindset of the people now-a-days. I think that Aristotle is right when he says that education should prepare a person for an active life marked by excellence. Characteristics of an educated person show that they should be reflective and moral in everything that they do and be thoroughly responsible of everything they do. I think that I have at some points in my education shown these characteristics but also had lack of these. I think that I have shown the lack of reflective ness and morality because of not having someone there to make me do things that I am responsible for doing and being away from home has affected me also. I feel like I am a responsible person who Aristotle says is one of the things you need to have to be an educated person, but here of late I have realized that I have fallen away from being a responsible agent and am working back to that state. In the section titled â€Å"The Marks of an Educated Christian† the author talks about â€Å"spiritual virtues† which are an unreserved commitment to God and his purposes for us in this world, a confidence in the gospel, and a self-giving devotion, also known as faith, hope, and love. I believe that spiritual virtues are important because they give direction to people in all aspects of their lives. If a person has faith, hope, and love for God, they can find answers to any problems they may be facing. Moral virtues are qualities of character like love and fairness, the courage of one’s convictions, a thorough going integrity, and a commitment to justice and love in every area of life. The importance of both spiritual and moral virtues should be a big thing in the lives of Christians but what is important to Christian colleges is breadth of understanding, openness to new ideas, intellectual honesty about other views and about the problems in one’s own, analytic and critical skills, not just verbal skills and powers of communication but grace and eloquence therein as well, the ability to say the right thing in the right way at the right time. This is important because this builds us as human beings not just students. As human beings be are to gain as much knowledge as possible to bring us closer to God. In non-Christian colleges the focus is solely on education. I think that the approach of a Christian college is more beneficial to its students because it builds them as people more so as just students. But moral and intellectual values are not enough. Being responsible we need to have conscientiousness, helpfulness, a servantly but not servile manner, decisiveness, self-discipline, persistence, the ability to correct one’s course and start afresh, to maintain good family relations, active involvement in church and community, to be an effective agent of needful and helpful change. You can see all of these at work here at Greenville College. Here at GC the importance of all of these things are equally stressed. Community is a big word used here at Greenville and having a requirement of volunteer work in the courses enforces students to be a part of their community. After reading â€Å"The Marks of an Educated Person† I now realize areas that I need to work on in my life as I strive to be both an educated person and an educated Christian. I feel like in some areas that were mentioned in this reading I have been better in the past than I am now. I hope to work towards these goals and be more of an educated person and to be more like Pat.

Shisha smoking and its hazards - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9617 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Abstract This research was conducted to familiarize with the Hazards of Shisha Smoking among the youth of today, since past five years in the metropolitan city of Lahore. Primary and secondary sources were of great use. The information collected revealed that the teenagers are adopting Shisha as a style statement without knowing its health consequences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Shisha smoking and its hazards" essay for you Create order Cafes serving Shisha are considered to be rapidly increasing and therefore gain a big clientele. Besides being a growing trend it is a source of income to many suppliers. The study also found that smoking Shisha for an hour is as harmful as smoking 100 cigarettes. The need of the hour is to educate the youth regarding the harmful effects of smoking Shisha. Although a complete ban on anything is not possible, government should take steps to grip this growing culture. Acknowledgements We are grateful to ‘Almighty Allah Who enabled us to complete this research paper. We are grateful to our instructor and our research supervisor, Ms. Rumessa Naqvi, whose proper guidance and apprehensive nature helped us to complete this research. We are thankful to Dr. Hassan Tariq (Medical Officer, Adil Hospital, Lahore), Ms. Madiha Jamil (Final Year Medical Student) for arranging the interview with the doctor and providing us with appropriate knowledge regarding some basic medical terms related to Shisha. We are also obliged to Mr. Muhammad Arslan (Worker at Mini Golf) for his time and effort in providing us with quality information during their interviews with the team. We are also thankful to Mr. Omer Javed Butt (owner of Cafe rock) and Mr. Usman Mukhtar Gondal (a regular consumer) for their valuable answers to our questions. Last but not the least we are obliged to our parents, siblings and fellow classmates for their love and support. We have divided our main research topic into 5 different domains. Names Domains Usman Mukhtar Gondal Social Significance Zakra Chachar Shisha Cafes Resham Sohail Clientele Ameer Ismail Health issues (Lung Cancer and Oral Cavity) Saad Ali Khan Health Issues (Nicotine Dependence, Passive Smoking, COPD and other related diseases) Shisha Smoking and its Hazards Shisha originated in north westerns province of India, in the state of Rajastan and Gujrat. According to Cyril Elgood who does not mention his source, he was in India where Hakim Abdul Fateh Gillani an Iranian physician at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar introduced the idea of Shisha..   Following popularity among noblemen, this new device for smoking soon became a status symbol for the Indian aristocracy and gentry. Although Hooka has been prevalent in rural areas of Pakistan, it only recently entered in the urban areas in a substitute form of hookah which is known as Shisha. Shisha became very popular amongst youth when it was first introduces, gradually it founds it way to peoples houses, parties, functions and events. Cafes and restaurants have gathered a lot of acknowledgement by adding Shisha in variety of flavours in their menu card. By seeing this acknowledgement almost all cafes are serving Shisha in Lahore. There are many problem been faced due to Shisha as it is a demerit good. Although some studies says that Shisha smoking is safer than tobacco cigarette smoking but medical professionals says that all kinds on smoking is bad for health, therefore Shisha stands at same level as is the cigarette regarding health issues. Each Shisha session typically lasts for more than 40 minutes, and consists of 40 to 150 drags that each consists of 0.15 to 0.50 litres of smoke. Hour long Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100-200 cigarettes; in a 45-minute smoking session a typical smoker would inhale 1.7 times the nicotine of a single cigarette. The water in Shisha use to filter diseases is not that efficient to remove all kinds of diseases. . People are suffering certain diseases as they had been a regular consumer of Shisha. Therefore Health issue is the main issue of Shisha consumption. A research department on Shisha smoking and cancer in Pakistan was published in 2008. Our scope of this research on Sh isha is for last five years within geographical boundaries of Lahore. Our primary question for research is the hazards of Shisha. This we answered by acquiring knowledge of Shishas four domains significance of Shisha, health issues regarding the usage of Shisha, cafes serving Shisha and problems faced by Shisha victims due to its ban. Literature Review The objective of this paper is to study and highlight the social, behavioral, and health related aspects as well as its externalities with regard to water-pipe smoking among adolescents in Lahore since last 5 years and also to create awareness among the youth. Water pipe, also known as Shisha, â€Å"Hubble Bubble†, â€Å"Narghile†, â€Å"Ghoza† and â€Å"Hookah†, has been in practice for the last 400 years. The reasons accredited to this trend are various misconceptions, that water pipe smoking is not hazardous to health. Another factor adding to its popularity is its social acceptability as compared to cigarettes and its portrayal is a symbol of modernization of our cultural heritage. (Anjum et al, 2007) The extent to which water pipe smoking has penetrated our society is difficult to establish since very little work has been done on it. A recent survey conducted in high socio-economic schools of Karachi reported that Shisha is gaining popularity among the young generation and it is easily available in the restaurants, hotels and Shisha cafes. This survey estimated that almost 70% children have experienced this form of tobacco, as young as seven years old. Its smoke also contains hundreds of potentially dangerous substances including carbon monoxide, charcoal, nicotine, arsenic, cobalt, chromium and lead causing disorders including lung and bladder cancers, impaired pulmonary functions, coronary heart disease, infertility, tobacco dependence and so on. (Anjum et al, 2008) Some research carried out in the UK last year showed that the people who regularly smoke `Shisha` may suffer from disastrous levels of carbon monoxide (CO) resembling to that of inhaling a car exhaust. In addition, water pipe smokers might absorb higher concentrations of these toxic substances because of higher concentrations in the smoke itself, or because they may smoke for several hours at a time and may inhale the moisturised, less irritating smok e more deeply. An hour-long `Shisha` session involves inhaling 100 to 200 times the amount of volume of smoke inhaled when smoking a cigarette. This menace of Shisha Smoking is fast spreading among school and college going students. According to a research, more than 1000 Pakistani children of ages between of 6-16 years take up smoking every day. Although the Anti-Smoking Ordinance 2002, clearly prohibits storage, sale and distribution of tobacco products near educational institutions, yet some leading universities, schools and colleges in Lahore allow Shisha Smoking on social events. Besides this a number of posters posted on walls and bookshops carry attractive offers for Shisha smokers. This is primarily meant to motivate the youth studying in nearby institutions towards Shisha smoking. In fact, every day new Shisha cafes are opening up in the country because of its increasing demand by the younger generation which is further pushing the youth towards the use of this menace. Smoking is also prohibited at all public places, including hotels and restaurants. Yet, it is being served in different cafes and restaurants of the vicinity. It is indeed sad that by allowing cigarette and `Shisha` smoking in these closed premises, the anti-smoking laws of the country are being disobeyed by almost all hotels and restaurants in the country. (Dr Javed Khan, 2010) The reasons for this rising trend are certain misconceptions that water pipe smoking is not hazardous to health, since the tobacco is filtered through water before inhalation; nicotine content is less than that of cigarettes and addition of fruit flavours make it healthier. (Dr. Javed Khan, 2010) Another factor adding to its popularity is its social acceptability as compared to cigarettes and its portrayal is a symbol of modern lifestyle. Our research has shown that increasing consumption of Shisha smoking among the young generation is likely to become a serious public health issue of Pakistan in a very near future. Research has shown that people who consume Shisha are likely to become regular cigarette smokers and are also pushed towards other drugs indirectly. Lack of knowledge is the main problem due to which treatment induced is ineffective to make people quit water-pipe smoking. The space between knowledge and treatment can be filled by the efforts made by the research authorities. People should be aware of the health threats so the new trend of tobacco smoking causing diseases, addiction and death can be prevented. Our health authorities must take notice of the current situation and put a complete ban on serving `Shisha` at any hotel or restaurant in the country. The electronic and print media must warn the public, particularly the youth, on the serious potential health hazards associated with `Shisha` smoking. (Dr. Javed Khan, 2010) Research Questions Primary research question Hazards of Shisha Smoking among youngsters in Lahore, DHA and Gulberg since last past five years. Subsidiary questions 1. Do you smoke Shisha? This question was generated to know whether the respondent is a smoker or a non smoker. If someone smokes a Shisha, then what the reason actually was, being peer pressure, surroundings or status symbol. If he doesnt, then what is the reason behind it? 2. Do you think Shisha is harmful for health? This question was generated to find out the general opinion of the public about the health hazards of Shisha. 3. Has Shisha become an addiction for you? This question was asked to find out if quitting Shisha smoking is possible for the respondents. It also enquires to what extent is the respondent dependent on the Shisha availability. 4. In your opinion, what is more harmful for health? Cigarette or Shisha? This question inquires the respondents about the misconception of Shisha being less harmful than a cigarette. It is designed to find out how deep is this misconception enrooted in their minds. Methodology Data collection tools consist of a questionnaire and 4 interviews. A sample of 30 pupils was taken, consisting of Shisha smokers and non-Shisha smokers, to fill the questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed using simple random sampling and snowball sampling. 10 questionnaires were filled in the university and the remaining questionnaires were distributed to random pupils in cafes. Once the data was collected, it was analyzed by the help of Statgraphic. Interviews were conducted from four people, a doctor, and a consumer of Shisha, a supplier and a worker in cafe. The workers and consumers interview was held on 20th March 2011 at Mini golf. The suppliers interview was conducted on 28th March 2011 at Cafe Rock, while the doctors interview was carried out (March, 3, 2011). Analyses of questionnaire and interviews have been included in the discussion. Analysis of Data and Discussion Social Significance Shisha in Pakistan was introduced in the cafe â€Å"mini golf† in the liveliest city of this country Lahore in 2000. As years passed away Shisha has become one of the most significant product of get togethers. Shah Sharabeel the owner of mini golf received huge amount of revenue and acknowledgment by the serving of Shisha which attracted other businessmen got an idea to promote their cafes by providing Shisha in their cafes. Now there are more than 200 cafes serving Shisha in the city Lahore this is my own observation. It has become so significant that even in the hotels like â€Å"Pearl Continental Hotel† also serve Shisha†. Shisha significance has increased dramatically it is not only served in elite areas like Gulberg but also in lower class areas like Anarkali. It was really surprising for me as a consumer of Shisha when I was attending a wedding ceremony where I was served a Shisha, this was the very moment when I myself gave a thought that Shisha is bec oming a part of Lahores culture. The serving of Shisha in wedding ceremonies is becoming so common nowadays, I myself have attended five wedding ceremonies in which Shisha had been served. Nowadays majority of youngsters have Shisha at their homes this shows that Shisha is now socially accepted as a part of our culture. In the questionnaire I proposed a question in which I asked about their parents strict check on Shisha smoking habit majority reply was no. This shows that people do not consider Shisha as a demerit good as is a cigarette. One of the main reasons for a drastic increase in Shisha consumption is that people have a false assumption that Shisha is environmental friendly and is less harmful than cigarette whereas in a research it has been proven that Shisha is far more dangerous for ones health as compare to cigarette. (See Appendix C, Figure 4). I come to about this false assumption by interviewing a regular consumer of Shisha. While interviewing there was a question raised that why is Shisha becoming so common among youngsters like you? In reply a consumer said that Shisha is becoming a trend among youngsters, people have an incentive to hang out which is to have Shisha. Shisha in short time period had turned out to be a style icon, Shishas consumers covered people from almost all groups of society. The young people are at top of the list in Shishas fan club. The attempts of the Punjab Government to check this fast growing culture had raised many questions and the most important is that when cigarette and other drugs are not been checked by the government then why the ban on Shisha? In reply its simple that Shisha is socially accepted. When people dont get back from trying cigarettes and other drugs then this Shisha a tasty fruitful sweet flavoured smoking system should not be refraining by people. There are many reasons for smoking Shisha some says that it is a hobby, it is the best pastime with friends, a way of keeping up-to-date with newest trends or just puffing as others do it. Shisha consumption is not limited to Shisha bars only but it is spreading its roots in education premises as well, â€Å"With the hovering news of Punjab Governments consideration for an altogether complete ban on Shisha, many willing investors feel discouraged to step in the previously blooming Shisha business. Of course a 100 percent ban on anything cannot be deemed possible but even a few effective measures here by the government can lead to a relatively large potential drop in the Shisha market.†(Younis, 2011) Shisha has become so common in Pakistan that nearly all cafes, restaurants and eateries offer Shisha in variety of flavours. â€Å"Our young generation today are attracted to Shisha, as it comes in a variety of flavours and is popular as a group activity†. Many Shisha consumers have faith in this false statement that Shisha is less harmful than cigarettes but the reality is quiet different Shisha is far more d ifferent than cigarettes. By smoking Shisha one inhales more carbon monoxide as compare to inhaling of cigarettes, which cause heart diseases, respiratory problems and many more similar to cigarettes diseases.† According to a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, where Shisha is very popular, Shisha is just as, if not more, harmful than normal cigarettes. Headaches, blurred vision, palpitations and dizziness are just some of the symptoms reported by Shisha smokers as well as cigarette smokers.†(Mugani, 2009). Government of Pakistan should implement laws against Shisha smoking in public places, as this kinds of laws have been implementing in many countries all over the world. Whereas if someone wants to smoke he/she should does it at his/her home. Government should create awareness especially among young generation by setting awareness programme conducted in educational institutions to educate people about the hazards of Shisha smoking. (Mugani,2009) Shisha smoking for o ne hour is equal to 100 cigarettes smoking, Shisha addiction has increased in the form of fashion.† Pakistan Chest Society Sindhs General Secretary Dr Mushataque Ahmed Memon informed that a recent research has revealed that smoking Shisha is 10 times more injurious as compared to cigarette while smoking Shisha for an hour is equivalent to smoking 100 cigarettes, adding that the impacts of cigarette smoking are not hidden from anyone.† (Hanif, 2011) General Secretary said that Shisha smoking causes lung cancer. Causes respiratory problems and asthma. In addition it also causes mental health problems. He said that because of non-implication of laws to ban shiha, Shisha has become a vital problem young generations health, this issue has kept un noticed but it should be considered one of the main problems. â€Å"Pakistan Medical Associations President Prof Dr Idrees Edhi said that Shisha is becoming common since families do not consider it bad. He said especially the yo uth adopt Shisha smoking as a trend which eventually leads to addiction.†(Hanif, 2011) He said that everyone is aware of the hazards of cigarettes but no one is aware of the hazards of Shisha. Every cafe and restaurants serve Shisha where every student whether a boy or a girl both enjoy the taste and smoke of Shisha without noticing its hazards.   He pointed out certain misconceptions which are the reasons behind this rising trend he said people think that Shisha is environmental friendly due to baseless reasons including that the tobacco is filtered through water before inhalation; less nicotine content than that of a cigarette and healthier smoking due to the addition of fruit flavours but these all are misunderstandings.† Dr Javaid Khan told that he conducted a survey in four universities which revealed that 43 percent male and 11 percent female students were the addicts of Shisha while 60 percent males and 18 percent females had consumed Shisha once in their lives.† (Hanif, 2011). Shisha has become a major part of majority of the youngsters as I carried out a survey in which I asked the quantity of consumption of Shisha on average, majority reply was once daily. Shisha has become more of a trend and a way to keep one up to date. It has become a mean of get together. People even consider it as a best pastime. This really shows its significance. Government carry out surveys, research and passing laws against Shisha shows that Shisha is becoming Pakistanis culture its significance is increasing day by day. Nowadays it is becoming a major part of any festival   whether it is basant, jash-ne- bahara, wedding ceremony, birthday party or any private party. Shisha is available almost everywhere as a cigarette is available. People prefer Shisha over cigarettes as they follow their false assumption that Shisha is less harmful than cigarettes. This all major points show that Shisha is affecting our nation by all means. (Hanif, 2011 ). Shisha Cafes In its most common meaning a cafe is a place to eat, a restaurant as we may call it, but when we talk about a cafe in Lahore, Pakistan there is a difference in its meaning than a restaurant. A cafe in Lahore has one distinctive feature than restaurants, which is, it is also a Shisha corner. Shisha has become a lot popular since it was first introduced, around 10 years ago. The first place where it was served is National Park, more commonly known as Mini Golf. One of its owners is the most popular of personalities of Lahore, Shah Sharabeel. Ali Shisha wala isthe sole manufacturer of a certain design of Shisha. As Shisha increased in demand, investors set in to meet this demand. Places like Defense Housing Authority (DHA) and Gulberg were filled with such cafes. As competition set in, Mini golf managed to hold three open bars for Shisha serving which attracted quite a lot of teenagers, they offered, and still do, different discount cards to attract customers, mainly targe ting teenagers, portraying Shisha as the new ‘hip product. Hazards of Shisha were not much of a concern then. It was only until recently that the hazards of Shisha have become a major concern. As Javed(2010) claims in an article, that Shisha has indeed become an addiction, which is widespread in the 16-25 years age group which consisted of 70 percent males and 30 percent female Shisha smokers. According to our research, most of the Shisha smokers are unaware of the threats posed by it and those who are aware of the hazards do not seem to understand the seriousness of it, like many cigarette smokers. The contents of Shisha mostly carry prohibited and addictive substances. One of the dangers is that Shisha may result into low fertility rates among girls. There may be about 30 cafes in DHA and Gulberg only and by personal experience I know that none of the suppliers were aware of the hazards of Shisha smoking, if they were, they were not concerned by it, but everyday they m ake much profits through their customers. The Governments consideration of Shisha and its hazards have only recently come into play due to the protests by the media and the DHA Shisha ban phenomenon, which happened about 3 years ago. It is suspected that a lot of malpractice takes place during Shisha sessions. It is precisely that reason why Shisha has been banned outright in DHA. A girl expired while smoking Shisha which contained wine instead of water and cocaine instead of flavor in it, the mixture reacted pretty bad or heavy for the girls body. However this did not seem to have a substantial effect on Shisha smokers and Shisha providers. However Shisha cafes remain open in the outskirts of DHA, shifting the consumers to these cafes. When we talk about Shisha hazards and the cafes who are providing it, we seem to forget about the workers of that place. I aimed to fulfill this gap and obtain their views. One of the workers, Muhammad Arslan who works at mini golf, was in terviewed. He says that he and he alone serves up to 70 Shishas everyday. When asked about his health he claimed that he has not observed any change in his health. Another waiter standing nearby responded to this question too, stating that he feels addicted to Shisha smoking. However, my personal reviews about Arslan were that his face was pallid and he seemed very weak by his appearance, like a drug addict, to be more accurate. When asked that why did he preferred serving Shisha and not food, his answer was that he always wanted to do this, he states that by checking and listening to his customers reviews of the Shisha he served, gives him pleasure. Finally we asked him about the safety precautions, the management had to propose to the workers, we received a flat â€Å"nothing† as an answer to this. It is agonizing to see how badly these investors treat their workers, who risk their lives to conduct their tasks although they are not aware of it, who are not being paid adequa tely and no precautions! The workers may not be aware of the hazards of Shisha; it is their employers responsibility to take notice of their health. Awareness campaigns should be held in order to save these workers. It should be discouraged; the employers ought to take responsibility for their health. If one worker serves up to 70 Shisha on average, this is an outrage that their employers are not even concerned. The government should take notice of this worker exploitation. Once the interview was conducted and analyzed, we shifted towards the suppliers to obtain reviews and their justification of the worker exploitation. We also intend to find whether they are affected by the ban on Shisha in DHA. Since the hovering news of the raid in Jammin Java cafe in Gulberg, many cafes have taken precautions, as the Government seems to take notice on the hazards of Shisha. An example is a notice outside mini golfs Arabian lounge, which said â€Å"Shisha will not be served to underage pu pil.† Cafe rock was surveyed as a sample and interviewed its owner, Omer Javed Butt. There was also a sign board on its entrance saying the same statement mentioned above. Starting with the obvious of questions was he aware of the danger posed by Shisha. Yes, he does but according to Mr. Butt there are certain flavors which are dangerous for example, Gutka and its mixture with other flavors. He states that his cafe does not cater any such flavors. He claims that his cafes main purpose is to serve as a restaurant. Their cafe provides Shisha with food only. This is a mean to discourage Shisha, according to him. With this caution they manage to make about RS 300,000 every month, exclusively on Shisha. When asked about what measures have he taken for the workers health, he states that he has simply reduced their working hours compared to other waiters without any increments in their wage or any other fringe benefits. As for the governments consideration on Shisha, it cant be banned outright because cigarette smoking have not been banned, which is a more dangerous addiction. By pointing out the governments lack of authority in banning cigarette smoking, they intend to de-track the government and compensate them for providing Shisha. And since Shisha have been brought into citizens homes, it simply cant be banned, because it would not stop smokers (Omer, personal communication, 2011, March 28t). The measures taken by the Punjab Government to decrease the consumption of Shisha is have not resulted into a major threat as their business have not been affected by it(Omer, personal communication). The reason for ban on Shisha in DHA is known to everyone, even our interviewees. It has been a rumor that many people and cafes have been infusing drugs in the contents of Shisha. However it have never been proven, neither have anybody witnessed it. While surveying Arslan was inquired about the rumored drug activity taking place in cafes, he disagrees; drug activ ities are not conducted publicly but in privacy. Furthermore, such activities cannot take place within a cafes premises as drugs like cocaine can easily be detected (Omer, personal communication, 2011, March 21st). The university grapevine tells a different story, it is known by students that malpractice can take place publicly although not anymore, due to the recent police raid in two cafes. The police forced their way in Sheikhoos cafe and cafe life on March, 17, 2011, although illegally as they failed to show a warrant when inquired, but when asked from the policemen, they claim that they were conducting raids under orders of the Lahore CCPO (Pakistan today, 2011). Under such circumstances the cafe owners take precautions so as not to damage their reputation in the market. As one can conclude from the results, it is advisable for the government to take actions but legally and in a subtle manner. Clientele In Pakistan traditionally used â€Å"hookah† is now known as Shisha. Shisha is gaining massive popularity among youth of Lahore, Islamabad and Rawalpindi causing serious health issues to their lives. People addicted to smoking Shisha faces many problems due to its ban. The major concern for the society is the increasing rate of smokers in both male and female. Shisha attracts more customers than cigarettes as it is served with flavours and sweet-smelling substances of Lemon, Strawberry, Orange, Apple, Honey and cherry. Although the ban on the use of Shisha has been selectively imposed by the governments in certain areas but violators are not being prosecuted. Some restaurants are still offering Shisha to the teenagers who are visiting these places in increasing numbers. These youngsters seem to have taken Shisha as a style symbol without knowing its consequences (See Appendix C, Figure 1). Shisha smoking is one of the most recent trends among the youth of Lahore. Cafes offering Shisha are considered to be ‘in and therefore, gain a big â€Å"clientele†. According to a newspaper report, Lahores Defence Housing Authority (DHA) has asked cafes not to serve Shisha as it is injurious to health and also used in the consumption of drugs in most of the cases. Concerned parents feel relaxed after the imposition of ban on Shisha. However, there are still many questions unanswered such as â€Å"Do we have definitive medical evidence suggesting that smoking Shisha is a health hazard? Do cafes need official permission for serving Shisha? Why is it still being allowed to be served in other parts of Lahore?† (â€Å"Lahores bifurcated laws the perils of smoking Shisha in DHA†, 2008). Government and NGOs should work in collaboration to find concrete evidence regarding the harmful effects of Shisha and hence, issue health warnings to youngsters as it was done in case of cigarette smokers. If Shisha is considered to be harmful, it has to be banned all over the city. It makes no sense why the administration outside DHA is not asked to impose a ban on it. (2008) Young people are the primary target of the tobacco industry in Pakistan. In order to create 100 percent smoke-free environment complete ban should be imposed on tobacco advertising. Similarly to discourage its use tobacco taxation should be introduced. As we all know that youth is the backbone of every nation. In order to maximize their profits tobacco industry needs to replace people who quit smoking with new young customers. This can only be done by attracting more individuals from worldwide with potentially divesting health consequences. Some people thing that smoking Shisha is less injurious to health than smoking cigarettes however, they both cause serious diseases such as lung cancer. (Maqbool, 2009). According to Section-8 of the Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-smokers health ordinance, in year 2002 no person was allowed to sell to bacco products to any other person under the age of 18 years as it was against the law. The enforcement of this section of law has remained weak so far. (Maqbool, 2010). The National Bank Park near Kalma Chowk and restaurants around Gaddafi stadium are identified as hubs of Shisha smoking. Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif took action in the Senate and standing Committee on health to stop the trend of Shisha bars in high-class and middle class areas making teenagers especially women addicted. He promised that no new contracts will be issued to Shisha bars in parks to stop unhealthy activities in young generation. (â€Å"25pc people may be diabetic by 2025†, 2010). Another important thing is parents generally do not know that flavored tobacco used in Shisha is as dangerous as cigarettes tobacco. Due to which TCC (Tobacco Control Cell) has printed flyers to distribute them in the educational institute to highlight the dangers of Shisha smoking and the fact that it is against the law to serve Shisha to those who are under 18 years of age. (Maqbool, 2011). According to Muhammad Ahmed Pansota a police team led by the Liberty police SHO raided Restaurants of Danial Arif (Sheikhoos Cafe at MM Alam Road), and Arif Saleem (Cafe Life at Gaddafi Stadium). There were two Shishas held from Arifs restaurant and four from Saleems. The police told them that were not allowed to serve Shishas, though the police had nothing in written. The petitioners added they serve Shisha throughout the province without any opposition from the government officials. The clients were not implicated in any criminal activities rather the police raid was unlawful and meant to blackmail them to close their business. The clients were aware of all the rules and regulation regarding their business. The police raid not only damaged the petitioners reputation but also resulted in great loss Pansota added. The court has been requested to declare this action of police illegal and unlawful. (â €Å"Shisha ban: Police chief summoned over restaurant†, 2011). Habiba Younis points out that Shisha initially emerged as a style icon in â€Å"elite circles† has now covered people from nearly all groups of society. The most prone of these were, of course, young people. For many it was a hobby, a past time with friends, a mean of being advanced with the latest trends or simple leisure puffing just because others are doing it. Moreover, nowadays its usage isnt only confined to Shisha bars but it is also growing roots in educational premises such as universities. It isnt rare to find students using their own water pipes in university corners and hostels. Also a fact worth mentioning here is that under the cover of Shisha tradition many other drugs are now available in the market. Many bars have been reported to serve Shisha mixed with illegal drugs like heroine and hashish. (2011). Shisha is not that harmful as cigarettes are. They include natural flavors which are environment friendly. It gives out less CO as compared to cigarettes. Smoking twice a day makes it easy to quit smoking cigarettes. It is the best substitute, as it is becoming popular among youth. (U. M. Gondal, personal communication, March, 20, 2011). WHO (World Health Organization) the TCC of the ministry of health has produced a 15-minute video to draw attention to tobacco control laws and their enforcement in Pakistan. The documentary discusses the Shisha among youth and the prohibitation of sale of tobacco products to youth. Shisha has become a style symbol and youth are using it without realizing its impact on health. (â€Å"Pakistan produces first-ever video on tobacco, 2011). CPO Ghulam Mehmood Dogar says while talking to delegations of students and teachers that young generation is spoiled due to economic disparity and they are a subject to sexual abuse. It is termed as a tragedy of the society. The police are therefore, ordered to launch crackdown soon against drug trafficking, internet cafes and Shisha smoking. (â€Å"Crackdown against mini cinemas on the cards, 2011). According to a survey there are nearly 30 million smokers in the country. Almost 100,000 deaths every year are related to smoking diseases. Over 85 percent of the cases of lung and mouth cancer and asthma are smoker. Pakistanis spend over Rs50 billion annually on smoking. The Anti Narcotic Force document says one hour smoking of Shisha is more harmful than smoking of 100 cigarettes. (Ahmad, 2011). Similarly it is stated that, the ratio between young male and young female smokers had shrunk from 4:1 in 1996 to 2:1 in 2003. It is alarming to note that Shisha smokers are budding in numbers, due to certain traditions attached to it made it more popular among the youth today.   There is an urgent need to educate the public against the dangers of the Shisha use. (â€Å"Tabacco kills 274 Pakistanis every day: experts†) According to a social worker Munir Khan who visited more than 5 Shisha Houses in Model Town, Johar Town, Tech Society, DHA and M M Alam road Gulberg told this scribe that he talked to a group of teen-agers sitting in a Shisha House and they told him that their parents were unaware about water pipe smoking habit and if they knew, they would have no objection, he added (Butt, 2009). After we circulated self-administered questionnaire, deduced results states that even though, Shisha is harmful to health majority of people do not want it be banned. (Appendix A) Health Issues Shisha smoking has quite various gangerous effects on a mans health. The increasing trend of Shisha smoking observed in the last few years is mostly due to the misconceptions regarding its use, for instance that nicotine content is lower than that of cigarettes and that water filters out all the toxic chemicals including carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine and tar. New research has suggested that the water pipes have three additional lethal risks over cigarette smoking. Flavored tobacco is smoked over coals and fumes from these fuels add new toxins to the already dangerous smoke; Shisha smokers inhale up to 200 times more smoke in a single Shisha session than from a cigarette; And its social acceptance has resulted in high levels of secondhand smoke. (Our literature review) Smoke from the Shisha contains hundreds of potentially dangerous heavy metals like, Arsenic, Cobalt, nicotine, coaltar, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Lead and Chromium.   Research has shown that under normal Shisha use the smoke produced from a single pipe use contain approximately the same amount of Nicotine and Tar equivalent to 20 Cigarettes. Research has also shown that after 45 minutes of Shisha use expired air, carbon monoxide, plasma nicotine and heart rate are significantly elevated. While research about Shisha smoking is still emerging, evidence shows that it poses many dangers: Shisha smoke contains high levels of toxic compounds, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens). In fact, Shisha smokers are exposed to more carbon monoxide and smoke than are cigarette smokers. As with cigarette smoking, Shisha smoking is linked to lung and oral cancers, heart disease and other serious illnesses. Shisha smoking delivers about the same amount of nicotine as cigarette smoking does, possibly leading to tobacco dependence. Shisha smoke poses dangers associated with secondhand smoke (CO). Shisha smoking by pregnant women can result in low birth weight babies. Young female smokers are often motivated more by the desire to â€Å"stay thin† or â€Å"look cool† than to avoid an illness in middle life. Shisha pipes used in Shisha bars and cafes may not be cleaned properly, risking the spread of infectious diseases (T.B, Herpes, Hepatitis). The purpose of this research paper is to create awareness among the youth about the toxic substances present in the smoke of Shisha and the dangerous health hazarards caused due to them. Large number of the people who smoke Shisha are addicted to its taste as it is served with aromatic flavours. (Appendix C, Figure 3). Tobacco also containsnicotine, which according to a Medical Officer Dr. Hassan Tariq at Adil Hospital, Lahore, is a highly addictivepsychoactivechemical. Nicotine dependence may also result from repeated inhalation of tobacco smoke from Shisha. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psychological dependency. In some people, using any amount of tobacco can quickly lead to nicotine dependence. Nicotine dependence according to a reliable search source, ‘www.mayoclinic.com, is an addiction to tobacco products caused by the drug nicotine. Nicotine dependence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  also referred to as tobacco dependence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  means you cant stop using the substance, even though its causing you harm. While its the nicotine in tobacco that causes nicotine dependence, the toxic effects come mainly from other substances in tobacco. Smokers have much higher rates of heart disease, stroke and cancer than do nonsmokers. (â€Å"Nicotine dependence†, 2010) During the research, various visits were made to different restaurants and cafes, and it was found out that consumers fell a sense of pleasure during Shisha smoking. Nicotine produces physical and mood-altering effects in your brain that are temporarily pleasing. These effects make you want to use tobacco and lead to dependence. At the same time, stopping tobacco use causes withdrawal symptoms, including irritability and anxiety. (Wikipedia) Many individuals bolster their denial of harmful effects of Shisha smoking by focusing on someone they know personally who smoked until he or she was very old and died peacefully in bed. Such strong counter example helps smok ers to maintain internal beliefs that comfort them when presented with statistical evidence. Many effective treatments for nicotine dependence are available to help you manage withdrawal and stop smoking for good. Signs that you may be addicted include: You cant stop smoking.Youve made one or more serious, but unsuccessful, attempts to stop. You experience withdrawal symptoms when you try to stop. Your attempts at stopping have caused mood-related signs and symptoms, such as strong cravings, anxiety, irritability, restlessness, depressed mood, frustration or anger, difficulty concentrating, increased hunger, insomnia, and or diarrhea constipation. You keep smoking despite health problems.Even though youve developed problems with your lungs or your heart, you havent stopped or cant stop. You give up social or recreational activities in order to smoke.You may stop going to smoke-free restaurants or stop socializing with certain family members or friends because you cant smoke in these locations or situations. Shisha contains Carbon Monoxide (CO) which produces certain harmful diseases such as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), also known aschronic obstructive lung disease(COLD),chronic obstructive airway disease(COAD),chronic airflow limitation(CAL) andchronic obstructive respiratory disease(CORD), which is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitisandemphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which theairwaysbecome narrowed. (U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute What is COPD).This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs, causingshortness of breath. In clinical practice, COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow onlung function tests.In contrast toasthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time. COPD is caused by noxious particles or gas, most commonly fromtobacco smoking, which triggers an abnormalinflammatory responsein the lung. (Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A,et al., 2007).The inflammatory response in the larger airways is known aschronic bronchitis, which is diagnosed clinically when people regularly cough upsputum. In thealveoli, the inflammatory response causes destruction of the tissues of the lung, a process known as emphysema. The natural course of COPD is characterized by occasional sudden worsening of symptoms called acute exacerbations, most of which are caused byinfectionsorair pollution. One of the most common symptoms of COPD is shortness of breath (dyspnea). People with COPD commonly describe this as: My breathing requires effort, I feel out of breath, or I cant get enough air in.People with COPD, typically first notice dyspnea during vigorous exercise when the demand on the lungs is greatest. Over the years, dyspnea tends to get gradually worse so that it can occur during milder, everyday activities such as housework. In the advanced stages of COPD, dyspnea can become so bad that it occurs during rest and is constantly present. Other symptoms of COPD are a persistent cough,sputumor mucus production,wheezing, chest tightness, and tiredness. People with advanced (very severe) COPD sometimes developrespiratory failure. When this happens,cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the lips caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood, can occur. An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood can cause headaches, drowsiness or twitching (asterixis). A complication of advanced COPD iscor pulmonale, a strain on the heart due to the extra work required by the heart to pump blood through the affected lungs. There are a fewsignsof COPD that a healthcare worker may detect although they can be seen in other diseases. Some people have COPD and have none of these signs. Common signs are: tachypnea, a rapid breathing rate, wheezing sounds or crackles in the lungs heard through astethoscope, breathing out taking a longer time than breathing in, enlargement of the chest, particularly the front-to-back distance (hyper aeration), active use of muscles in the neck to help with breathing, breathing through pursed lips, increased antero posterior to lateral ratio of the chest (i.e.barrel chest). CO is also a cause of Chronic Bronchitis. Lung damage and inflammation in the large airways results in chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is defined in clinical terms as a cough withsputumproduction on most days for 3 months of a year, for 2 consecutive years. In the airways of the lung, the hallmark of chronic bronchitis is an increased number (hyperplasia) and increased size (hypertrophy) of the goblet cellsandmucous glandsof the airway. As a result, there is more mucus than usual in the airways, contributing to narrowing of the airways and causing a cough with sputum. Microscopicallythere isinfiltrationof the airway walls withinflammatorycells. Inflammation is followed by scarring and remodeling that thickens the walls and also results in narrowing of the airways. As chronic bronchitis progresses, there issquamous metaplasia(an abnormal change in the tissue lining the inside of the airway) andfibrosis(further thickening and scarring of the airway wall). The consequence of th ese changes is a limitation of airflow. (â€Å"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease†, 2011) Patients with advanced COPD that have primarily chronic bronchitis rather than emphysema were commonly referred to as Blue Bloaters because of the bluish color of the skin and lips (cyanosis) seen in them.Thehypoxiaandfluid retentionleads to them being called Blue Bloaters. (Longmore, J. M.; Murray Longmore; Wilkinson, Ian; Supraj R. Rajagopalan, 2004) Emphysema is also caused due to the presence of CO which is an important ingredient of Shisha smoke. Lung damage and inflammation of the air sacs (alveoli) results in emphysema.Emphysemais defined as enlargement of the air spacesdistalto theterminal bronchioles, with destruction of their walls.The destruction of air space walls reduces thesurface areaavailable for the exchange of oxygen andcarbon dioxideduring breathing. It also reduces the elasticity of the lung itself, which results in a loss of support for the airways that are embedded in the lung. These airways are more likely to collapse causing further limitation to airflow. The effort made by patients suffering from emphysema during exhalation, causes a pink color in their faces, hence the term commonly used to refer to them, Pink Puffers. (â€Å"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease†, 2011) Epidemiologicalstudies show that non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking. During the interview with a doctor, it was a shocking fact to find out that Shisha smoking not only affects the direct smoker but also affects the people around him in a rather worse manner. This phenomenon is called Passive smoking whichis the inhalation of smoke, calledsecondhand smoke(SHS) orenvironmental tobacco smoke(ETS), fromtobacco products used by others. It occurs when smoke permeates any environment, causing its inhalation by people within that environment. Scientific evidence shows that exposure to secondhand tobacco smokecausesdisease, disability, and death. Currently, the health risks of secondhand smoke are a matter ofscientific consensus, and these risks have been one of the major motivations forsmoking bansin workplaces and indoor public places, includingrestaurants and cafes etc. (â€Å"Passive smoking†, 2011) In 1992, theJournal of the American Medical Associationpublished a review of available evidence on the relationship between secondhand smoke and heart disease, and estimated that passive smoking was responsible for 35,000 to 40,000 deaths per year in theUnited Statesin the early 1980s.Theabsolute risk increaseof heart disease due to ETS was 2.2%, while theattributable risk percentwas 23%. Research using more exact measures of secondhand smoke exposure suggests that risks to nonsmokers may be even greater than this estimate. A British study reported that exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of heart disease among non-smokers by as much as 60%, similar to light smoking.Evidence also shows that inhaled side stream smoke, the main component of secondhand smoke, is about four times more toxic than mainstream smoke, a fact that was known to the tobacco industry since the 1980s, which kept its findings secret. Some scientists believe that the risk of passive smoking, in particular the risk of developing coronary heart diseases, may have been substantially underestimated. A minority of epidemiologists find it hard to understand how environmental tobacco smoke, which is far more dilute than actively inhaled smoke, could have an effect that is such a large fraction of the added risk of coronary heart disease among active smokers.One proposed explanation is that secondhand smoke is not simply a diluted version of mainstream smoke, but has a different composition with more toxic substances per gram of total particulate matter.Passive smoking appears to be capable of precipitating the acute manifestations of cardio-vascular d iseases (atherothrombosis) and may also have a negative impact on the outcome of patients who suffer acute coronary syndromes. Raupach T, SchÃÆ' ¤fer K, Konstantinides S and Andreas S (2006). Secondhand smoke as an acute threat for the cardiovascular system: a change in paradigm.(European Heart Journal,27, 4, pp.386-392). According to a local gynecologist, Dr. Sobia Nadeem, tobacco use in women is also an important factor in miscarriages among pregnant Shisha smokers, it contributes to a number of other health threats to the health of the fetus such as and low birth weight premature births and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance forSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).To strengthen this fact with the hlp of an evidence, it is stated that result of scientific studies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke in the womb may reduce the fetal brains ability to recognizehypoxicconditions, thus increasing the chance of accidentaldeath. It was als o found out that incidence ofimpotencyis approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers. (Dr. Hassan Tariq, Adil Hospital, Lahore) There is also some evidence that Shisha use may also decrease the sperm count in men. Children are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effect of the Shisha use (Dr. Javed Khan, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi). Much like cigarette smoke, Shisha smoke can lead to heath problems such as lung disease, emphysema, asthma, low birth weight and cancer of the mouth, esophagus and lungs. According to Professor Javaid Khan of Aga Khan University in Pakistan, regular Shisha users have lung functions approximately 25 percent lower than those who do not use this. Professor Khan also notes that children are especially susceptible to harmful effects such as lung infections, asthma and sudden infant death syndrome. (Gream, 2010). Smoking Shisha dramatically increase the risk of developing many diseases .It is responsible for a sub stantial majority of cases of lung cancer, oral cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and most smokers die either from these respiratory diseases or from ischemic heart disease. Smoking also causes cancers to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, pancreas, bladder and kidney and increase ricks of peptic ulceration. Authracsis (black lung) is coal induced pulmonary leisan in tobacco smokers. Inhaled carbon pigment is engulfed by alveolar macroplges which then accumulate in connective tissue along with lympleatices. Smoke from a Shisha is also a major cause of oral cancer. Cancer is defined as the uncontrollable growth of cells that invade and cause damage to surrounding tissue. Oral cancer appears as a growth or sore that does not go away. (Wikipedia) If you notice any of these changes, contact your dentist immediately for a professional examination which includes cancers of the lips, tongue, cheek, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palate, sinuses, and pharynx (throat) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. The following are the common symptoms: Swellings/thickenings, lumps or bumps, rough spots/crusts/or eroded areas on the lips, gums, or other areas inside the mouth, The development of velvety white, red, or speckled (white and red) patches in the mouth, Unexplained bleeding in the mouth, Unexplained numbness, loss of feeling, or pain/tenderness in any area of the face, mouth, or neck, Persistent sores on the face, neck, or mouth that bleed easily and do not heal within two weeks, A soreness or feeling that something is caught in the back of the throat, Difficulty chewing or swallowing, speaking, or moving the jaw or tongue, Hoarseness, chronic sore throat, or changes in the voice A change in the way your teeth or dentures fit together a change in your bite, The MO at Adil Hospital, Lahore also told that Sore throat is also caused to the consumption of Shisha. Sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow. A sore throat is the primary symptom of pharyngitis which is inflammation of the pharynx, or throat. But the terms sore throat and pharyngitis are often used interchangeably. Symptoms of a sore throat may vary depending on the cause. Signs and symptoms may include: Pain or a scratchy sensation in the throat, Pain that worsens with swallowing or talking, Difficulty swallowing, Dry throat, Sore, swollen glands in your neck or jaw, Swollen, red tonsils, White patches or pus on your tonsils, Hoarse or muffled voice, Refusal to eat (infants and toddlers). (â€Å"Sore throat†, 2010) According to some respondents, Sinus headaches are also experienced due to the smoke. These are headaches that may accompany sinusitis, a condition in which the membranes lining your sinuses become swollen and inflamed. You may feel pressure around your eyes, cheeks and forehead. Perhaps your head throbs. Although these can indicate sinus headaches, dont jump to conclusions. Many people who assume they have sinus headaches actually have migraines or tension headaches. When sinus headaches caused by sinusitis do occur, proper diagnosis and treatment are the keys to relief. While doing this research, we came across a notion that a one hour session of Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100 cigarettes. While interviewing a doctor at Adil Hospital, Lahore, it was shocking to come across the fact that even the doctor agreed to this fact which previously just seemed like a notion. According to a House Officer Dr. Hassan Tariq at Adil Hospital, Lahore, the tobacco is no less toxic in a Shi sha pipe, and the water in the Shisha does not filter out the toxic ingredients in the tobacco smoke. When asked the question if one hour of   Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100 cigarettes, he told us that Shisha smokers may actually inhale more tobacco smoke than cigarette smokers do because of the large volume of smoke they inhale in one smoking session, which can last as long as 45 minutes. â€Å"Shisha has dangerous effects on the body because it exposes the smoker to a much larger volume of smoke than what would be inhaled from a cigarette. Even though the smoke is filtered out by water, inhalation of toxic substances is similar to or even greater than that of cigarette smoking. Many people are misled in believing that water filters out the toxins and that nicotine is reduced in water pipe smoking. Not only does water pipe smoking include the same substances as cigarette smoke such as carbon monoxide and tar, tobacco used for water pipe smoking contains two to four percent nicotine, as opposed to the one to three percent for cigarettes,† Krebs said. â€Å"The pressures of work and emotional stress of people who feel they do not live their lives well create tension and psychological pain,† he said. â€Å"They want to stop this pain, so they decide to smoke Shisha, which has chemical sedatives that are absorbed in the lungs.   Those sedative chemicals travel through the blood to anesthetic centers in the brain, causing people to relax somewhat,† al-Khamery said. A single session of smoking Shisha produces carbon monoxide levels four to five times higher than those produced from smoking a cigarette. When the breath of heavy tobacco smokers was measured, carbon monoxide levels of 30 to 40 ppm (parts per million) were found. These levels indicate that approximately 5 to 7 percent of blood was not functioning properly. The breath of Shisha smokers measured 40 to 70 ppm of carbon monoxide, resulting in 8 to 12 percent of blood being affected. BBC News notes that the normal carbon monoxide level is 3 ppm. Elevated carbon monoxide levels can result in brain damage and unconsciousness. Though not a risk directly associated with Shisha, the spread of infectious disease is associated with shared water pipes. Saliva transferred from an infected person to a non-infected person via an unclean hose can spread dangerous infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, herpes and the H1N1 virus, as well as more common illnesses such as the cold and flu viruses. Even if a Shisha smoker decides to quit there are a variety of influences in the wider environment that reduces the chances of sustained success, including peer pressure, Shisha advertisement and finding oneself in circumstances where one previously smoked. Conclusion In conclusion, Shisha is more a matter of drugs being involved and steps should be taken to stop it as a means of taking drugs â€Å"legally†, thanks to the social acceptance of Shisha. The government should start taking steps in a more subtle manner so as not to give the suppliers a chance to protest, for example, the government can also take steps to ensure that Shisha and cigarettes are not sold to people under the age of 18. Furthermore, like cigarette smoking, Shisha also falls into the grey area where freedom to use it cannot be prohibited in â€Å"adults† but steps can be taken by the government to ensure that people are aware of the dangers of smoking Shisha. Apart from awareness campaigns the government can also levy a handsome tax hence, discouraging the use of Shisha and ensuring that most, if not all of the general public, can live a safe and healthy life. As for the workers, the government should inquire the suppliers about their safety precautions, an d can pass out a law to ensure the health of workers. According to Habiba Younis policymakers should act â€Å"intelligently† to deal with this problem. Strict action should be taken, instead of imposing complete ban on it. â€Å"Heavy taxation†, â€Å"official checks† and â€Å"certain restriction on Shisha† will help to overcome this growing trend among youth. The need of the hour is to formulate strategies that grip this culture. â€Å"Although a 100 per cent ban on anything cannot be deemed possible, even a few effective measures here by the government can lead to a relatively large potential drop in the Shisha market.† (2011). Recommendations According to this research carried out, it was found that the young generation is heavily getting dependent on the Shisha ignorant of the health hazards it causes. This is mainly due to the fact that in Pakistan and particularly in Lahore, Shisha came into the scenario only six to seven years back in 2006. Therefore, theres not much research carried out in Pakistan regarding Shisha consumption. There is an urgent need to educate the public against the dangers of the Shisha use.   Our religious scholars as well as non-governmental organizations should come forward and educate the public against the Shisha epidemic which is rapidly spreading in not only in the Muslims countries but also in the developed world. Special seminars should be held in schools across Lahore, warning the children against the dangers of Shisha use.   Government must also bring laws restricting restaurants owners serving Shisha to its customers. The government ought to conduct investigations in order to avoid any further worker exploitation. The workers have a right to work under safe and healthy conditions. It is not only governments responsibility to discourage Shisha smoking but also the youth. Campaigns in universities should be held in order to increase awareness of the hazards of Shisha. Shisha is not only about the dangers of its ingredients but also the malpractice done using it. It can be very dangerous when one mixes drugs in Shisha. Therefore sale of Shisha should be discouraged at every tobacco shop.