Comparing and contrasting Adult Fans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparing and contrasting Adult Fans - Essay Example That is why I call it an obsession with an activity/ even in ones life. Different people have different hobbies depending on a wide array of factors. While some love playing video games on their computers, others like listening to music, others still find reading romantic novels their most preferred activity and so on. Ask anyone what they do regularly in their lives and you will be fascinated at the varied answers you will receive, these are their hobbies. Several factors influence the liking of such hobbies in different people. Such include, social class, level of education, peer types, environment, age, sex, occupation, etc. Hobbies are mostly done during leisure hours, some people however find it necessary to allocate some time at least in between their core duties to fit in some time for their hobbies. To this extent therefore, we can argue that different people have different levels of fanaticism for different hobbies. In this paper, I will look at the various factors which inf luence the choice of hobbies in adult population of LEGO and bronies. Hobbies tend to change considerably from childhood to adulthood. Children seem to like playing while in the ages of between 2- 5 years. Playing different soft games which do not involve a lot of brain work such as computer games, biking, etc. depending on their social classes dominates their lives and forms their hobbies. These hobbies tend to be common to both boys and girls in the same cultural setting. Such hobbies however changes as the children grow into adulthood. At about 10 and 15 years the teenage boys and girls get interested in totally different activities in all cultural diversities of the world. Moreover, more changes occur above this age as the teenagers graduate to young adults. Several factors play jointly to facilitate these changes. Such factors are varied and include the changes in lifestyles and places of residents with new friends and environments which come about with totally different

Hacking and Cracking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hacking and Cracking - Essay Example This means that the person performing hacking had to modify system operations to attain what they require or to perform unusual functions (Peterson and Bender, 2011). Hacking evolved after the invention of the fist computer in the 1950s and was widely changed and used to test the strength of systems. Later in 1980s hacking and cracking where differentiated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). According to MIT, hacking is ethical non-destructive performances while cracking is non-ethical performances aimed at destroying computer systems either by breaking, wiping out data or infecting the system with viruses or malware. The 21st century description for hacking is based on the following terms. Hacking must follow safety measures, must not be destructive and must not have effect on any person emotionally, physically or mentally. Hacking is performed with the help of the following programming languages, telnet, Trojan horses and key loggers. Hacking with the use of Trojan horses helps the hacker to passwords. A Trojan horse is a kind of program that is only meant for hacking and not like viruses or worms. Viruses and worms replicate th emselves and are meant for destruction of programs in the system (Peterson and Bender, 2011). According to Syed (2004), hacking is an illegal act if a person does not have authority to perform such actions. Hacking operation can be performed on various systems such as emails whereby persons hack email. Hacking is also done by computer experts who are able to write programs or have wide knowledge of programming languages. Hacking is mainly performed to ascertain the strength of company’s security system. In this way, the organization can pin-point and correct the security flaws in the organization to avoid loss of data or computer virus infections. Cracking is done with help of software. However, the person cracking must also have a bit of knowledge of programming

Analysing An Experience To Develop Current Knowledge Nursing Essay

Analysing An Experience To Develop Current Knowledge Nursing Essay Reflection In this reflective account I will relate to a significant event, demonstrating how I have developed personally and professionally, focusing on the implementation of care and support. Rodgers (2002) suggests from Dewey (1933) that reflection is the process of reconstruction and reorganisation of experience which adds to the meaning of experience. Therefore analysing an experience, to develop your current knowledge, by reviewing your actions and assessing the experience to develop your own personal and professional skills in future practice. Hamill (1999) recommends writing reflection in first person using Driscolls model of reflection (Driscoll 2000). The situation I have chosen to reflect on is an interaction with a patient who had been given a terminal diagnosis and had been informed the prognosis was limited. I have chosen to reflect on this account as it involved difficult communication which made me question my competency as a student and prior to the event I thought I would not be prepared to deal with it. (See Appendix) As I had previously interacted with the patient on her admission, I have already communicated and developed a relationship with her. Groogan (1999) states that communication creates a relationship, with communication providing a holistic approach to caring for the individual to meet their psychological, social, spiritual and physical needs. I was therefore able to recognise that something was wrong and identified that she wanted somebody to talk to. Forrest (1989) identified core elements of nursing as picking up on cues and the importance of being there. Jarrett and Payne (1995) reviewed literature on nurse-patient communication and concluded that there is a need for nurses to make an assessment of each individual situation, so that they are aware of whether the patient desires the information. Relating to the assessment I made of the situation I was aware the patient wanted to talk and realised that she was not asking for information but wanted someone to talk to. During the event I felt anxious and nervous about how to react and communicate with the patient as I had never been in that situation before. Buckman (1998) identified health care professionals experience fear of the untaught and fear of saying I dont know, the experience of showing emotions was also identified and throughout the situation I felt empathy towards her. Empathy is defined as the mental capacity to appreciate another persons feeling without joining them, understanding patients experiences. (Hojat et al 2001). Sieh et al (1994) states that special emphasis is placed on listening and empathy skills in the training of nurses. However, in the situation I questioned my competencies within my communication skills as I thought I was unequipped within my training to provide the care and support the patient required. On reflection, I identified that I worked within my role and limitations as a student to assess the situation and act as appropriate. Reflecting on the situation I have identified that non-verbal communication played a large part of the experience. Non-verbal communication includes the use of eye contact, flexibility of facial expressions, the use of gestures, use of touch, pausing to allow a response timing and body posture (Purnell 2000). This definition relates to the situation as I was sat at her bedside when she began to cry, and then she said to me I am dying arent I? She put her hand out and I just comforted her by holding her hand. The expression and discussion of feelings of loss and grief can be very difficult for patients with incurable disease and their families (Clements- Cortes 2004) When she asked me the question I am dying arent I? my first thoughts were to ask a Staff Nurse to come and speak to her, but I felt as if she had chosen me to talk to and that I couldnt have walked away to get someone. Although I didnt answer her question, I felt as though I was supporting her by being with her and as I knew she understood her prognosis and felt that the question didnt need an answer. On reflection, the event directly impacted on the patient, me and my role as a student and my mentor. I feel that the patient was able to express her feeling and emotions and I was able to provide care and support within my role. I identified that I assessed the situation and made decisions to provide the best possible care and support for the patient at the time. The situation made me question my ability however it developed my communication skills which are transferable to all aspects of nursing. To enable me to reflect on the situation I used literature as part of the reflective process to read around communicating in palliative care, the nurse-patient relationship to continuing development and promote learning as Glaze (2001) reports the use of literature is used as part of reflection to promote learning by reading around the topic. Following the event, I informed my mentor what had happened and she said she was aware of the situation and felt that I had dealt with it very well. We reflected on the event and I felt as though at the time somebody could have came to make sure the situation was ok but following the discussion my mentor was aware of the situation and that she would have intervened if necessary. Following the discussion I felt supported by my mentor, although the event was emotional and sensitive I feel it was a positive learning experience. Benner (1984) describes stages of practice from novice to expert, at this stage in my training, I am working towards an advanced beginner, although I recognise this in this situation I had no experience of communicating in difficult situations and for that reason I felt like a novice. For this reason I feel as though my mentor could have identified my weakness in this area and at the time and acted sooner. The role of the mentor is to assess and support the student in practice (NMC 2008) on this occasion I felt my mentor fulfilled their role after the discussion following the event, however during the event I felt it was just me and the patient, and I acted within my role. In conclusion, I have recognised the importance of the nurse-patient relationship and feel the experience at the time and reflecting on the experience has had a positive impact on my personal and professional development. Understanding that within the role of a nurse, communication is not only about information provision but about adapting your own skill to assess situations and act appropriately. In relation to implementation of care and support this experience highlights the nurse role to provide emotional support to continue to communicate effectively.

Essay --

It is important for people to imitate others before they can become original and creative. Imitation can be looked down upon by society; however, it is not as bad as it is chalked up to be. Imitation allows people to establish themselves. People have role models and admire them. A person aspires to achieve as much as their idol has done. Imitating a role model is necessary to be original and creative because mimicking allows one to be put in a position to influence others and to build upon qualities of the role model. Athletes are an everyday example of imitation. Athletes have role models that they look up to while growing up. For example, superstar athlete LeBron James has stated in numerous interviews that he aspired to be like Michael Jordan while growing up. He was influenced by someone who was successful and is considered the greatest of all time. Mimicking Michael Jordan’s game, LeBron has been put into a position where he is an idol for others. He can now show off his creativity, which others can look up to. LeBron James has established himself to the point that others will ...

Inquiry Proposal: Serial Killers Essay

1. Description. The topic that I have chosen to cover for my proposal is serial killers. The term â€Å"serial killer† was established in the 1970’s by Robert Ressler (former director of an FBI program). He chose â€Å"serial† because these types of murders are crimes in series. Murderers become serial killers after three or more victims with quiet periods of time in between the murders. The US holds 76% of the world’s serial killers. According to the latest FBI study in 2007, there are approximately 400 serial killers in the US and 80% of them have emerged since 1950. Statistically, the average serial killer is a white male with a lower to middle-class background and is usually in his twenties or thirties. It seems ludicrous that serial killers often have families, homes, are employed, and appear to be normal members of a community. There are many myths about serial killers such as, they are dysfunctional loners, they are all white males, they all travel, they can’t stop killing, and that they are insane. My proposal is figuring out what may be true about these serial killers. I find it interesting how something brought into this world as an innocent baby could turn into a serial killer. 2. Guiding Questions. Here are some of the questions that are the major components behind my proposal. Where did the term â€Å"serial killer† come from? What makes a person a serial killer? How many are there in the U.S? Why do they do it? What happened throughout their life? What makes them tick? How do they get caught? I believe that these are important questions that need to be answered, as each one gives us a better understanding as to what makes a person not only murder but murder multiple people over periods of days, weeks, and even years. 3. Research Gathered. Coming into this, I thought it would be easy to figure out exactly what is going on in these serial killers minds but it’s not. It’s hard to say precisely what is going on in their head and what led up to it without being them but with inside information from interviews with serial killers and interviews with detectives, you get a feel of what made them act the way they do. Profiling a serial killer is important in catching a serial killer. Determining the  signature and what the serial killer had to do for the crime are big aspects of profiling. Studies from doctors and information from past murders create the profile along with crime-scene information and witness statements. For instance, if the crime scene shows evidence of careful planning, the killer is likely to be intelligent and older. Not all profiles are perfect but they are usually on point. Serial killers begin to surface around their twenties and once they reach a certain point, there is no going back. De tectives also have to profile the victims because they are the key to catching the serial killer. They were picked because something stimulated the serial killer to do so. The only way to prevent the becoming of a serial killer is to go back to their childhood and break up the peculiar patterns. Just like all human beings, serial killers are the product of their heredity and the choices they make throughout their life. Their behavior is influenced by life experiences and biological factors. Humans are in a constant state of development from the moment they are born to the moment they die. Behavior is affected by a stimulus that is processed by the nervous system. According to neurobiologists, our nervous system is environmentally sensitive which allows the individual nervous system to be shaped throughout a lifetime. In saying that, failure to develop social coping mechanisms as a child can result in violent behavior. There are important periods of time in which it is essential that kids learn basic rules on how to interact with people and if they aren’t learned during that period of time, it could be impossible to learn later on in life. Serial killers often exhibit three behaviors in their childhood and they are bed-wetting, arson, and cruelty to animals. They are also likely to come from broken homes and have been abused or neglected. Serial killers act completely normal in front of others and are said to be good members of their community. They are generally intelligent, organized, and some can be very social. The two most common theories as to motives of serial killers include childhood neglect and abuse, and mental illness. Many, if not all serial killers experience neglect and abuse as children. They are often physically and or sexually abused as children or are witnesses of abuse. This pattern of neglect and abuse forces them to grow up without a sense of anyone other than themselves. Mental illness is a big factor in determining whether or not the killer was conscious and aware of his or her actions. Many serial killers try to use the excuse that they  are psychotic but only few have been diagnosed. According to the Diagnostic & Standard Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), a psychopath is a person with an antisocial personality disorder (APD). As said in the DSM-IV, a person with APD follows a pattern of â€Å"disregard and violation of the rights of others occurring since the age of 15.† This pattern includes seven factors but three have to be met for diagnosis and those are, â€Å"failure to conform to social norms, irritability and aggressiveness, and lack of remorse.† Psychopathy is manifested in people who use a mixture of charm, manipulation, intimidation, and violence to control others while satisfying their selfish needs. Although serial killers possess many traits consistent with psychopaths, all psychopaths don’t become serial killers. Psychopaths who become serial killers don’t value human life and are extremely callous when interacting with their victims. Along with mental disorders, is brain damage. Damage to areas such as the frontal lo be and the hypothalamus can result in extreme aggression, loss of control, and loss of judgment. For instance, Henry Lee was a convicted serial killer and was found to have extreme brain damage in both the frontal lobe and hypothalamus which was a result of childhood abuse including malnutrition and alcoholism. After gathering information on the motives and behaviors of serial killers, I realized there is no specific combination of traits or characteristics that all serial killers possess. There isn’t a generic template that determines a serial killer. They are driven by their own unique motives or reasons. Catching a serial killer is difficult because they are just your average looking man or woman living across the street. Serial killers only get caught after making a mistake. Information from the crime scene and autopsy are collected and entered into a date base where similar crimes are matched up by the killer’s signature. For instance, some killers position the body a certain way or leave them in a certain place. Investigators look at the method of procedure which reflects what the killer had to do in order to commit the crime. The crime reflects their personality and the victim is the key to catching the serial killer. Detectives have to piece together who the potential serial killer may be by matching up victims that are similar in area and most commonly, their looks. Detectives have to know how to spark the serial killers emotions and make them tick. For instance, John Douglas (FBI serial killer profiler) was asked to assist in a trial involving a  serial killer because he had manipulated the jury into believing that he wasn’t capable of doing such a thing. John told the prosecutor to physically touch the serial killer and violate his personal space because it will make him think that he isn’t superior and in return, will drive him crazy. He then asked the accused serial killer what it was like to wrap his fingers around his victim’s throat. The serial killer then had a major outburst and went crazy because he was recalling what happened and it excited him. The jurors finally saw another side to the man and it turned the whole case around. You have to know what makes them tick in order to catch them. 4. Optional Primary Research. I decided to find documentaries on two of the most notorious serial killers Ted Bundy and Jeffrey Dahmer. The first documentary I watched was â€Å"Biography: Ted Bundy: The Mind of a Killer (1995).† Ted Bundy was a boy scout, a college graduate, a law student, and a star in Washington State politics. Growing up, Ted was told that his actual grandparents were his mother and father and that his actual mother was his older sister. His grandmother (mother) had health issues such as depression and panic attacks and was eventually introduced to electro-shock therapy and his great grandfather was known to be extremely violent and frightening. His family began noticing at the age of three that Ted wasn’t adjusting well. His first incident happened when he was being babysat by his aunt and she was taking a nap. Ted’s aunt woke up to him placing all the kitchen knives around her body in an outline with the blades pointing towards her. After the incident with his aunt and fighting with his step-father a lot, Ted was forced to move to Tacoma, WA and it devastated him because he thought of his great grandfather as a father and he didn’t want to leave him. Once in Tacoma, Ted’s peers thought of him as a shy person. He stuttered a lot and didn’t date. He really isolated himself from the crowd and started becoming a peeping Tom. Ted started to consider himself above the law. While in college, Ted met a girl named Stephanie and was particularly attracted to her beautiful long hair that was parted in the middle. Stephanie was wealthy, sophisticated, and worldly; everything Ted wished he was. They were together for a year and in that time, Stephanie had taken Ted’s virginity. While Ted was in love, Stephanie didn’t see a future with him and broke it off becau se she didn’t think that he was very serious about his future. Ted became devastated and dropped out of school. He then went to visit his  relatives to figure out who he really was and ended up finding out that his so called â€Å"sister† was actually his mother. After hearing this news and the horrible break up with Stephanie, Ted became extremely resentful. He felt that his mother and girlfriend destroyed his life and therefore wanted revenge. A couple years later, he met back up with Stephanie and seemed to be a new and improved man to her. Stephanie agreed to marry Ted and then he dumped her right away for revenge but it didn’t stop there. It all began in 1974 when Ted was twenty-four years old. Ted began going to the Washington college pretending to be hurt with crutches and that is how he would lure his victims in. He pretended to drop his books right by his van and while the woman would bend down to pick it up, he would hit her over the head with a crow bar and throw her in the van. He would then take them to the woods and sexually assault them. Ted was hurt that Stephanie took his virginity and broke his heart so now he was going to sexually assault and kill all his victims. Ted’s ideal victim was a small framed female with long parted hair in the middle and beautiful just as Stephanie was. While still attending college, Ted studied the procedures that the police task force would use to catch him. Ted was eventually caught and admitted to killing more than thirty women. Ted told the court that he felt entitled to ruin women’s lives after two women ruined his. On January 24, 1989 at 7:00 AM, Ted Bundy was granted his electric execution at the age of forty-nine years old. Ted’s story goes to show how something in his childhood led up to factors that would make him a serial killer. It also shows the motive that he had which was killing only women because two women ruined his life and killing women who looked like Stephanie. Ted said he was sor ry for killing those women but only he knows if he really is sorry or not. It’s hard to determine what went on in Ted’s head but we can see the correlation he made between the women he killed and why he did it although it doesn’t make sense to us. The other documentary I watched was â€Å"Biography: Jeffrey Dahmer (2000).† Jeffrey Dahmer was the perfect child. He loved playing with other kids and was really outgoing. He had a fascination with animals and was an extremely curious child. He always wanted to feel things and their texture. When he was ten, his mother was hospitalized and treated for anxiety. His parent’s marriage was crumbling and they had to move away. Jeffrey then all of a sudden became socially awkward. He started to become fascinated with what animals looked  like on the inside so he began collecting road kill as a young teenager. In an interview, his dad says that he is convinced that everything started going downhill when Jeffrey began collecting road kill and dissected them. Dahmer realized as a teen that he was attracted to men and at the age of fourteen, he started having thoughts of violence and sex. Dahmer knew the thoughts and urges kept getting worse. One of his fantasies was to lie next to an unconscious man. In saying that, Jeffrey devised a plan to knock out a local jogger with a bat and lay next to him but the jogger never went by that day and it made Dahmer think that maybe he shouldn’t be thinking about that kind of stuff. Dahmer started becoming a heavy drinker and even drank during school. He started going to houses that allowed the exchange of sex with gay men and that is where he found his first victim. After his first victim, Dahmer couldn’t hold in his urges anymore and it was the start of a killing spree. He began meeting men at gay bars and once there, he would drug them with sleeping pills, take them back to his home, and lay there next to them and listen to the sounds of their bodies. After getting bored with listening to their bodies, Dahmer would have sex with them while they were drugged, would kill them, cut up their body, and save their bones or private parts as trophies. At one point, he even started eating his victims saying that â€Å"it felt like they were a part of him.† Dahmer was eventually caught because of a foul odor coming from his apartment which was his victims. Dahmer blamed alcohol when he was caught saying that if he hadn’t been so drunk, he wouldn’t have been caught. He also placed the blame for the murders on his atheistic beliefs and the theory of evolution. He believed that he was equal to the devil. Dahmer stated â€Å"if it all happens naturalistically, what’s the need for a God? Can’t I set my own rules? Who owns me? I own myself.† Dahmer believed that he was above all and the media didn’t help that. He received so much attention from the media that he started getting cocky about it. He once told a detective â€Å"when I tell you what I tell you, you’re going to be famous.† Dahmer wrote a 159 page confession consisting of thirteen years and seventeen victims. Dahmer pleaded guilty but insane and was served a 937 year prison sentence. Once in prison, Dahmer decided he wanted to be baptized and get back into his religious state of mind. It all ended for Dahmer on November 29, 1994 when an inmate who called himself â€Å"Christ† beat Dahmer with a metal rod from the  prison gym and was pronoun ced dead on the way to the hospital. Once again, I don’t understand why he tortured and killed his victims the way he did but just like Ted Bundy, his behavior drastically changed when he was young and for both men, it is was seemed to be the turning point in their life. 5. Info to be collected, Analysis. I have gathered a good amount of information on how serial killers evolve to the person they have become. From here, I hope to learn more about what triggers different emotions in their brains. The main thing I want to figure out is how they become so violent and how they are capable of committing such horrid acts of violence. I believe the most effective method of analyzing serial killers was reading articles and watching documentaries. The articles were from reliable resources such as the FBI, and gave a lot of good information as to what their motives and behaviors were. The documentaries were a good way of analyzing serial killers because I got to see the way they acted and hear their stories to figure out w hat led up to the killings and what exactly their motives were. I am going to continue to watch documentaries on not only Ted Bundy and Jeffrey Dahmer but other serial killers to see if their behaviors and motives match up somehow. Although all serial killers aren’t the same and don’t share the same motives, they do share the same urges. The purpose of this would be to see if my explanations of the motives, behaviors, and childhood experiences of these serial killers are in fact true for others as well. This analysis may help me in learning about the brain and how it works. Another interesting explanation as to triggers for serial killers is a chromosome abnormality. Some researchers are starting to believe that there is a change associated with the male chromosome make up. There is an ongoing investigation on if and how the gene changes and why it does. The end point of this assignment for me is to follow up with the study of similar chromosome changes in these men that become serial killers. 6. Timeline. I currently still have some questions as to what other similarities might occur between serial killers such as chromosome abnormalities or brain defects. I will be continually checking these doctors and researcher’s information gathered from their testing and experiments to hopefully receive new and improved information. One of the most helpful things to do is watch movies and documentaries on not only serial killers but their families, the detectives, doctors, and the researchers. The one  problem that I feel I might encounter is not having enough evidence and consistent information to back it up because it is a new study being done. Although I have continuing questions, I believe that I have covered my research topic to the best of my ability and now my own curiosity will keep me wondering and wanting to know more information than what has been given to me. Citations Freeman, Shanna. â€Å"How Serial Killers Work.† How Stuff Works. A Discovery Company. 02 October 2007. Web. 20 March 2014. Mueller, Robert. â€Å"Serial Murder.† The FBI. US Government, US Department of Justice. 02 September 2005. Web. 20 March 2014. Bardsley, Marilyn. â€Å"Jeffrey Dahmer.† Crime Library. Criminal Minds & Methods. 04 August 1991. Web. 20 March 2014. Montaldo, Charles. â€Å"The Myths about Serial Killers.† Crime/Punishment. About.com. July 2008. Web. 20 March 2014. Rogers, Abby. â€Å" A Terrifying Glimpse into the Mind of a Serial Killer.† Business Insider. 08 June 2012. Web. 20 March 2014. Scott, Shirley. â€Å"What Makes Serial Killers Tick?† Crime Library. Criminal Minds & Methods. 04 October 1991. Web. 20 March 2014. Gregg, Allan. â€Å"Interview with FBI Profiler John Douglas (1996).† Dark Documentaries. 29 November 2011. Web. 20 March 2014. Montaldo, Charles. â€Å"Characteristics of the Psychopathic Personality.† Crime/Punishment. About.com. July 2008. Web. 20 March 2014.

Black Codes Essay

‘Black~Codes’ were legal statutes and constitutional amendments enacted by the ex~Confederate states following the Civil War that sought to restrict the liberties of newly freed sIaves, to ensure a supply of inexpensive agriculturaI Iabor; and maintain a white dominated hierarchy. However; the history of Black Codes did not begin wIth the coIIapse of the Confederacy. Prior to the Civil War, $tates in the south enacted Slave Codes to regulate the institution of slavery. Furthermore, northern, non~slave holding states enacted laws to limit the bl@ck political power and social mobility. For example~ in 1804, Ohio enacted Iaws prohibitin black people from immigrating into states. In 1813, the State of lllinois enacted a law banning free BIacks outright from immigrating into the $tate. Black Codes adopted after the Civil War borrowed elements from the antebellum slave laws and from the laws of the northern states used to regulate free blacks. Some Black Codes incorporated morality clauses based on antebellum slave laws into Back Code labor laws. For example, in Texas, a morality clause was used to make it crime for laborers to use offensive language in the presence of their employers, his agents, or his family members. Borrowing from the Ohio and Illinois codes, Arkansas enacted an ordinance banning free blacks from immigrating into the state. In the end, the Black Codes were largely extinguished when Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts began in 1866-67, and with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and civil rights legislation. Though the statutory lives of the Black Codes were short-lived, they are significant in that they served as precursors to the Jim Crow laws and social segregation among whites and blacks. For example, Arkansas passed a law prohibiting black children from 1attending school with children. The Texas legislature enacted a law requiring railroad companies to set aside a passenger car for black passengers. While each ex-Confederate state enacted its own set of Black Codes, all of them shared certain features. First, they defined the term â€Å"person of color. † Second, they prevented blacks from voting, holding office, or serving on juries. Third, they prevented blacks from serving in state militias. Fourth, they mandated for poor, unemployed persons (usually blacks) be arrested for vagrancy or bound as apprentices. Fifth, they mandated and regulated labor contracts between whites and free blacks. Sixth, they prohibited interracial marriages between whites and blacks. All of the Black Codes defined what it meant to be a â€Å"person of color. † However, these definitions were far from consistent. The Virginia legislature decreed that any person with onefourth Negro blood in their veins was a person of color. Georgia set the limit at one-eighth. Still yet, the Tennessee legislature declared anyone having any Negro blood at all made an individual a person of color. The leaders of the ex-Confederacy made no qualms about their desire to keep blacks out of the political process. To this end, all of the ex-Confederate states prevented blacks from voting, holding political office, or serving in the state militias. This view had some measure of support in the North. In an article appearing in the New York Times, an author wrote, â€Å"The denial of suffrage to the freedmen, we believe, cannot be made a bar to admission of the Southern representatives, for the reason is that it is no real denial of justice. No man, white or black, has title to a civil power which he has not the intelligence to exercise. † The Black Codes also prohibited blacks from serving in state militias. A principle reasons for these laws was probably a concern for insurrections and armed violence. However, a 2corollary concern was that the presence of armed black soldiers encouraged undesirable attitudes in blacks. For example, in Florida, the state legislature drafted resolution requesting that black Union Army troops be withdrawn from their lands because their presence alarmed whites and encouraged insubordination among blacks. Florida also passed laws prohibiting blacks from carry fire-arms or weapons. If blacks wanted to own a gun, these laws often required blacks to obtain a license from the county judge and to have witnesses, usually white, vouch for their nonviolent temperament. The vagrancy statutes were particularly harsh on freed blacks. While these statutes did not specifically target blacks in their language, they were predominately applied to blacks because of their impoverished condition. In general, vagrancy statutes stipulated that any person a law enforcement officer or judge deemed to be unemployed and not owning property could be arrested and charged as a vagrant. It was easy to arrest blacks for violating vagrancy laws because the freed blacks lacked wealth and land owning to their previous condition of servitude, and to a lesser extent because the federal government reneged on its promise to deliver forty acres and a mule to 40,000 freed slaves. Once arrested and convicted of vagrancy, a person would be forced into conditions nearly identical to slavery. They were either hired out to private individuals or forced to work public projects. They were not paid for their labor. In Florida, disobedience, tardiness, or running away could be punished by imprisonment, standing in the pillory or stockade, or flogging. Punishment by flogging usually consisted of receiving 39 lashes, a number frequently used when flogging slaves. Apprentice statutes functioned along with vagrancy statutes to ensure a steady supply of inexpensive labor. Under apprentice laws, minors of poor parents, or parents deemed to be 3vagrants, could be taken as wards of the court and bound out to a master for varying lengths of time. Males were usually bound until the age of twenty-one, females until the age of eighteen. Apprentices frequently had no choice in the trade they would be required to learn, however, masters were required to teach the apprentice a trade, provide for the apprentice’s living expenses, and provide the apprentice with a basic elementary level education. Some states even required the master to provide the apprentice with a monetary gift when the apprenticeship expired. Apprentices who violated apprentice laws by running away being disobedient to their master could be imprisoned, flogged, or forced to pay damages. The regulation of labor contracts with blacks was another hallmark of the Black Codes. In article appearing in a popular magazine of the time, a Southern author wrote of black people, â€Å"We should be satisfied to compel them to engage in coarse, common manual labor, and to punish them for dereliction of duty or non fulfillment of their contracts with such severity, as to make them useful, productive laborers. † Under the Black Code labor regime, blacks were free to work for any one they chose, but they were required to sign contracts that bound them to the employer at least a year. Once the contract was signed, blacks could not get out of the contract unless a court first declared the master violated the contract first. This deprived blacks of the opportunity to accept better paying jobs if they arose, and insured landowners had a steady supply of cheap labor. Punishment for blacks who broke their labor contracts included payment of damages, imprisonment. In states like Florida, it also included standing in the stockade or floggings. In Florida, behavior that constituted a breach of the contract included laziness, failure to appear for work, using offensive language with the employer, or running away. Most of the slave codes also made it a criminal offense for anyone to entice or encourage a black laborer to break an existing labor contract. Criminal laws also played an important aspect in the Black Codes. To varying degrees, ex-Confederate states passed criminal laws that prohibited petty that blacks were more likely to commit due to their immediate condition. For example, the Louisiana Penal Codes specifically criminalized trespassing on plantations. Because free blacks often had no place to live other than on their previous master’s plantation, they were more likely to be arrested under these statutes. Penal Codes also specifically targeted blacks by inflicting harsher punishments for some crimes than whites convicted of the same crime. Unequal punishment was important for keeping blacks in a condition of servitude. For example, a North Carolina statute made it a capital offense for a black person to assault a white woman with intent to rape. Finally, the Black Codes uniformly prohibited interracial marriages between blacks and whites. For example, in Texas anti-interracial marriage laws called for the punishment of both spouses with a fine, imprisonment or both. It was a criminal offense, as it was in Georgia, for anyone to knowingly marry a white and black person. And frequently county clerks were required to record marriages of blacks and whites in separate registries. Conversely, the Black Codes also uniformly recognized black marriages and the legitimacy of children born to black parents. However, many Black Codes made it a criminal offense under adultery and fornication laws for blacks to live together without getting married or registering as a married couple with the county clerk. These statutes were frequently applied to blacks living in rural areas who were living together as result of their impoverished condition.

Padgett Company Essays

Padgett Company Essays Padgett Company Essay Padgett Company Essay The current market Is being dominated by large companies, and recent events such as Inflation, tax rule changes and drop In the stock market caused smaller firms to ell, opening the business for more consolidation. As a response to the market situation and part of our companys financing activity, we had borrowed small amounts off and on from Salon Trust Company of Richmond on a short term 90-day notes for minor acquisitions. We took significantly more debt when the company decided to acquire Trip-State Tablet. Salon Trust Company has considered us a valued client and a major contributor to its profitability, as our only lending bank in 1997. The bank also serves as depository of the companys tax payments. Thus, Salon has been generous in lending us to the mint that It allowed exceeding its credit limit with the rate still continued at a prime and with no protective covenants. Potential threat from Phoenix Bank where we had small deposits also led to the loan doubling up to almost $8 million with Salon without a carefully structured financial program. To properly restructure our companys debt, Salon Trust proposed options that will be beneficial to both and acceptable to Passages management. Initial meetings proved unsuccessful with us refusing to agree to a long term loan through an insurance company financing because of high rates and fancy covenants. We dont eve much knowledge of finance so we prefer straightforward options. The bank prepared a forecast detailing the effects of a 5, 10 and 15% growth of the company, In the hopes to align our goals to theirs. We have also decided to shift to LIFO method of valuation for their Inventory for tax purposes, resulting In a $kick tax benefit. In Dalton, a redundant warehouse will be disposed of giving them an additional $kick from the cash sale and tax refunds. Several alternatives were available to ten company In terms AT restructuring Its loan out we would want something that is simple, straightforward and beneficial for us. Also, the interest tastes were pretty volatile from a low of 6% in the years of 1992-1994 up to 8 1/4% prime for year 1996. Fixed rate would usually entail 2 h to 1 % above the floating rate. Our companys current market standing though allows us to get a competitive rate. As part of Peps management, we need to determine the best option that the company can choose among the alternatives presented by the bank regarding the restructuring of the companys short term debt. All the options available to APP will be reviewed, which would include the alternatives cited by Salon, as well as the other options available in the market that Salon did not include in his commendations to us. The effects of each of these alternatives on the Income Statement and liquidity ratios would be quantified and qualified to come up with the optimal capitalization position. Analysis The current capital structure of Budget makes it difficult for Salon to continue issuing debt to our company. But the sales of APP has been growing and is projected to keep growing in the next few years, and the company would be needing more capital to finance their expansion. The main question would be how we would finance this increase in sales debt or equity? It is apparent that we lean more awards debt as a source of fund since the market considers APP as illiquid and has a thin market. We were using short term, 90 day notes payable to finance our growing business. Although this might save us a certain amount of interest, this places our liquidity in a compromising position. Given this, theres a need to restructure the current debt structure of our company. Salon named some alternatives available to us, and there are also options in the market that we can consider. We need to analyze all of these alternatives to come up with a recommended debt structure that would enhance the liquidity position of our company. Hence, each option was analyzed. With Salon urging us to shift our short term notes payable into long term debt, there remains the option to maintain the current structure of short term 90-day loans. If we choose this option, this would merely entail for the company to do nothing, or use other banks to sustain this current position if Salon is steadfast to their opinion that they will not maintain the current agreement with APP. This however poses a liquidity problem for the company, posting a negative cash flow even at 15% growth rate for the next 3 years. A second option, and what Salon is also trying to recommend is for us to accept the Eng term restructuring via a long-term debt from the insurance company at 9. 5% mull rate Tort 1 years. I nee terms Tort tens are quilt Nell, Ana normally, insurance companies would require covenants that the company should strictly follow within the duration of the agreement. Listed below are other options as discussed by Salon to split the loan through the following alternatives: $3 million appraisal value of Peps general purpose warehouse as collateral for a mortgage loan. APP has a warehouse appraised at $3 million, which is higher than the reported book value of the asset. This will be part of the long-term liability of APP, giving us more flexibility with the use of their working capital. $1 million possible loan from Canadian Banks through its Canadian Subsidiary net current assets. This was proposed by Salon in light of Peps Canadian operation through its subsidiary. If they have a good banking relationship in Canada, they might be able to arrive with a competitive interest rate, with flexible terms. For this study, for conservatively purposes, we will assume that Canadian banks would impose the same interest rate as its US counterparts floating interest rate. Factoring option of accounts receivable at 2%. Due to the large amount of receivable that APP has in its balance sheet, we can consider factoring the companys receivables to factor banks. The advice of Salon is to factor the Ears in a no-recourse, 2% term. The value of which is that they would be able to realize and convert the receivables into cash which APP would be able to use as their working capital, and it would then be the responsibility of the factor bank to monitor and collect on the receivables as they become due. Wait until part of the loan is retired and rotate it with other banks to allow clean p. This option is very much like keeping the obligations of the company current, except that they would be dealing with various banks. This is an alternative to Salon, so that we would be able to have a certain amount of time where their account is cleaned up with Salon, while the loan sits on another bank, where it waits to be due, and transferred back to Salon, or another bank to be rotated. As the goal is to come up with the best suitable loan mix for the company, all the variables are factored in. All of these options are available to the company, and all have their pros and cons as discussed above. It must be noted though that we are very conservative, and is not well versed financially.

A video game characters résumé stacked with relevant usable keywords

A video game characters rà ©sumà © stacked with relevant usable keywords The beginningsHave you ever played the game Getting Over It? It’s a terrible, terrible game created by Bennett Foddy where you play as a man sitting in a cauldron, and the entire purpose is to climb up a very large hill with a hammer. Sounds simple in theory, but in the words of the creator, this game is made to hurt people. And it does that well.We used to play this game on our breaks. I say used to, because after falling off the cliff so many times and having to start over, Michael (the owner of the company) uninstalled it from Steam in a fit of climbing rage (or moment of clarity, depending on how you want to see it). And all was well in the land of Full Stack Talent.A few days after The Great Uninstallationâ„ ¢, we were all working quietly at our desks and Michael turned to us and said â€Å"Wouldn’t it be funny if we made a rà ©sumà © for a climber, but like, we put a bunch of developer keywords in there and see if any recruiters reach out to us?†And th us, Django Ovrette was born.We created a doc file on our shared Google drive and off we went writing a rà ©sumà © for a professional climber, stacking it with as many dev keywords as we could. My personal favorite is â€Å"pretty huge python, or php, as I like to call him.† We spent a couple of hours perfecting the rà ©sume (stopping to cry-laugh a few times), creating a google voice number and a new email address, and when we were done, off Django went to the internet! We then searched for a few of the keywords (like php, yii, django, etc) and there he was in all his glory.Django, in all his glory. Can you catch all the references? Hint: there are a LOT.  hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});We went back to work, and waited for the calls and emails to roll in – and it didn’t take long. We posted the rà ©sumà © on January 26th (a Friday, for reference) in the afternoon and had emails when we came in on Monday morning.Being t hat I’m a huge data nerd, I took the liberty of compiling some information on the recruiters who reached out to Django.As of January 26th (keep in mind, this is less than a month), Django has received:110 emails50% (roughly) were form letters – these came mostly from big recruiting agencies50% (roughly) were personalized for Django15 phone calls8 voicemailsOf these communiquà ©s, 2 voicemails stood out. One was a recruiter from a small, local firm stating that she wasn’t sure what Django’s role at Dick’s was, but she wanted to speak to him about his experience, because â€Å"clearly you have some dev knowledge, but I can’t tell if this is a joke or not.† She ended up calling Django twice and emailing once.The second voicemail came from a senior recruiter at a mid-sized recruiting company, and it started with her laughing and saying this was the best thing she had seen in 17 years as a recruiter. She continued by saying she printed it out and passed it around the office, and asked for a call back because she wanted to know who was â€Å"really behind this.† We saved that voicemail.Our takeawayWhat we learned from Django’s foray into job searching is that, unfortunately, most big recruiting firms frankly don’t seem to actually spend any time on you. Form letters, keyword searching rather than actually reading your rà ©sumà ©, emails only with no call follow up, etc. Django saw much better communication with the folks who came from small recruiting agencies – they reached out with personalized emails and followed up with calls. Being that we are a small recruiting agency ourselves, we really appreciated seeing the parallels, and it reinforced that we’re doing it right by going for quality over quantity.Words of adviceBig guys, don’t forget your candidates are people. Spend the time to actually read their rà ©sumà ©s and see if the qualifications actually match instead of running their CV through a keyword search. We know your time is limited (trust us, we do) but so is the candidate’s – and they deserve to have someone who is dedicated to finding them the best career match possible.Small guys, keep it up. Your personal touch and solid, constant communication and follow-ups are immensely appreciated, and probably make the difference on whether a candidate/client will want to work with you or not.- About the authorThis article was written by Roxanne Williams, who works at Full Stack Talent, a technology recruiting agency in Tampa, FL.

End of the Vietnam War - Fall of Saigon

End of the Vietnam War - Fall of Saigon Previous Page | Vietnam War 101 Working for Peace With the failure of the 1972 Easter Offensive, North Vietnamese leader Le Duc Tho became concerned that his nation could become isolated if President Richard Nixons policy of dà ©tente softened relations between the United States and his allies, the Soviet Union and China.  As such he relaxed the Norths position in the ongoing peace negotiations and stated that the South Vietnamese government could remain in power as the two sides sought a permanent solution.  Responding to this change,  Nixon’s National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, commenced secret talks with Tho in October.  Ã‚   After ten days, these proved successful and a draft peace document was produced.  Angered at having been excluded from the talks, South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu demanded major alterations to the document and spoke out against the proposed peace.  In response, the North Vietnamese published the details of the agreement and stalled the negotiations. Feeling that Hanoi had attempted to embarrass him and to force them back the table, Nixon ordered the bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong in late December 1972 (Operation Linebacker II). On January 15, 1973, after pressuring South Vietnam to accept the peace deal, Nixon announced the end of offensive operations against North Vietnam. Paris Peace Accords The Paris Peace Accords ending the conflict were signed January 27, 1973, and were followed by the withdrawal of the remaining American troops. The terms of the accords called for a complete ceasefire in South Vietnam, allowed North Vietnamese forces to retain the territory they had captured, released US prisoners of war, and called for both sides to find a political solution to the conflict. To achieve a lasting peace, the Saigon government and Vietcong were work towards a lasting settlement that would result in free and democratic elections in South Vietnam.  As an enticement to Thieu, Nixon offered US airpower to enforce the peace terms. Standing Alone, South Vietnam Falls With US forces gone from the country, South Vietnam stood alone. Though the Paris Peace Accords were in place, fighting continued and in January 1974 Thieu publicly stated that the agreement was no longer in effect. The situation worsened the following year with the fall of Richard Nixon due to Watergate and passage of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 by Congress which cut off all military aid to Saigon. This act removed the threat of air strikes should North Vietnam break the terms of the accords. Shortly after the act’s passage, North Vietnam began a limited offensive in Phuoc Long Province to test Saigon’s resolve. The province fell quickly and Hanoi pressed the attack. Surprised by the ease of their advance, against largely incompetent ARVN forces, the North Vietnamese stormed through the south, and threatened Saigon.  With the enemy nearing, President Gerald Ford ordered the evacuation of American personnel and embassy staff.  In addition, efforts were made to remove as many friendly South Vietnamese refugees as possible.  These missions were accomplished through Operations Babylift, New Life, and Frequent Wind in the weeks and days before the city fell.  Advancing quickly, North Vietnamese troops finally captured Saigon on April 30, 1975. South Vietnam surrendered the same day. After thirty years of conflict, Ho Chi Minh’s vision of a united, communist Vietnam had been realized. Casualties of the Vietnam War During the Vietnam War, the United States suffered 58,119 killed, 153,303 wounded, and 1,948 missing in action. Casualty figures for the Republic of Vietnam are estimated at 230,000 killed and 1,169,763 wounded. Combined the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong suffered approximately 1,100,000 killed in action and an unknown number of wounded. It is estimated that between 2 to 4 million Vietnamese civilians were killed during the conflict. Previous Page | Vietnam War 101

Business Management and Organizational Behaviour Case Study

Business Management and Organizational Behaviour - Case Study Example Worse than this, in some cases in encouraging revenues to come through a particular gaming station, some team members have resorted to bad practises such as giving away drinks and free accommodation which results in a net loss for the organisation as a whole. In addition to the animosity created between teams at the organisational level, it has also become apparent that that the bonus system has created a culture of blame within individual teams. As has been demonstrated with the case of Laura, where teams have failed to achieve the bonus, individual members of the team have sought to make certain members of the team a scapegoat, blaming the individuals for the inability of the team as a whole to win the bonus. As such, this may be seen as a costly problem for the casino which has already lost a team member due to the public disgracing of the team member who was held responsible for the loss of bonus due to a refusal to engage in what other may see as unethical practises. Other key p roblems which may be seen in the casino relate to the individual relationships which exist amongst owners, managers and family members. For instance, in the incident with Laura, Ron who has sought to make use of a personal relationship between himself and his uncle in order to facilitate the outcome of Laura either leaving or engaging in the unethical style behaviour in which Ron himself has made use of in the past. This is an issue which Jennifer as a responsible agent will now find increasingly difficult to deal with. For instance, should Jennifer choose to criticise Ron’s actions and take appropriate actions, one consideration is that Jennifer may worry that Ron will similarly seek to make use of his personal relationship with his uncle so as to counteract...In informing the outcomes of the report, the report has made use of several sources of data including, the material presented in the case study as well as references to the appropriate models and frameworks as presente d in the academic literature on organisational behaviour, management and leadership. Having considered the facts of the case study one can see that there are a wide number of issues to be addressed from an organisational behaviour perspective, many of which spring from the current bonus system. In addition to the animosity created between teams at the organisational level, it has also become apparent that that the bonus system has created a culture of blame within individual teams. Having analysed the case study, it would seem that the fundamental problem is that the motivational methods being made use of are creating animosity between rival teams and internal team members within each of the gaming teams. As such, the recommendations of this report are that the current bonus system should be scraped and that the casino should look for alternative ways of trying to encourage each team to maximise revenues from its customers. In implementing the recommendations, the report recommends that in the immediate term the current bonus system should be suspended with immediate effect. It is evident from the case study that at present the bonus system is causing conflict amongst the teams and resulting in sub-optimal profitability for the business as a whole.

Assignment 5 women psy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 5 women psy - Essay Example In particular, racial and gender differences between people are the basis for different measurements of normality, something that makes a general normalcy measurement for all of mankind difficult to ascertain. The first major issue concerning normalcy measures is the existence of several different races among people; in America, for example, there are several prominent minority groups including African-Americans, Latin-Americans and Asian-Americans. Due to the cultural and religious backgrounds of these people, they cannot properly be compared to white Americans and therefore the definition of normal must be changed to accommodate them. It is not logical to group Asian-Americans in with white Americans in terms of religious beliefs, for example, because the sheer numbers of white Americans will overpower the Asian-Americans so that the latter must be defined as deviant (John 1994). Similarly, a comparison of income between white Americans and Latin-Americans who have only recently immigrated will mark out the latter group as deviant from the norm, set by white Americans who simply have a much higher population. Normalcy in terms of ethnic groups becomes very difficult to ascertain because of cultural and initial economic differences which mark out the minority groups as abnormal. Another problem with the definition of normal is its lack of relevance between men and women, regardless of culture. For example, it may considered normal for women to be concerned about health issues like breast cancer and osteoporosis, it is likewise normal for men to be concerned with heart disease and colon cancer. Men and women do not have the same types of health risks, and so to group them together to ascertain what is the normal concern pattern will be dependent completely on the numbers of each gender questioned. Although this would technically

Economic Performance of Former USSR States Essay

Economic Performance of Former USSR States - Essay Example This discussion focuses on the economic performance of the former USSR states after independence and the economic relations between these countries as well as their trade, population, GDP growth, investments and debts. The essay highlights the GDP growth and economic performance of the countries like Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan, Russia and other nations which have recently gained independence and separated from the former Soviet Union. Despite having been a part of one of the greatest superpowers, these countries except Russia are no longer prominent on the world map. Since gaining independence these former Soviet states are becoming increasingly strong in terms of economic growth and performance with relations between the states growing even better. Yet there remain several issues that suggest that these countries will have to recreate and restructure their economic strategies to emerge as economically powerful as the more advanced economies. In this review, a co mparative analysis is provided showing economic growth and performance of the former Soviet states, their internal and external relations with neighboring countries and other former Soviet states as well as their comparative GDP and population growth. The objectives of the essay would be: 1. to identify the key players in post USSR countries 2.to discover the economic relations between the CIS countries and the level of their interdependency, and 3. to rank the major former Soviet states’ performance using country growth criteria. ... Considering the transient aspect of the former Soviet states' economy, Kalantaridis (2007) highlighted the role of entrepreneurs in shaping the nature of evolving institutions. The former Soviet nation states could still be considered as transient and evolving, although the permanence of such institutions is key to stability and economic growth. The post Soviet restructuring and reconstruction of political, social and economic systems have had considerable and differential impact on the economy. The more advanced economies of the post Soviet nation states that have now joined the European Union are economically stronger although countries which are further East have seen a decline in growth of gross domestic product followed by recession although with some gains to a wealthy minority (Edwards, 2006). The reason for the fall of GDP may be due to the significant necessity for restructuring, rise in costs, and privatization. Edwards (2006) distinguished between four groups of Soviet eco nomies2. The central and Eastern European accession states to the EU have open economies with better growth, more private sector involvement and foreign direct investments. The Balkan states of the South east European regions are marked by transitional recessions and worsened income inequality whereas Russia has implemented partial economic reforms. The remaining nation states have seen declining economic growth mainly due to fall of income. As Desai and Olopsgard have suggested, "popular support for market-oriented reform in transition economies rises and falls with unemployment and job creation" 3. Thus the implementation of market oriented reforms that would be imperative for economic

Bhang smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bhang smoking - Essay Example Research has shown that most bhang smokers are affected by it due to the way they inhale the drug. Most of the users tend to retain much the smoke in their lungs while inhaling as a better way of using the drug. This act tends to increase the accumulation of tar which is present in the drug. This tends to cause lung cancer in shorter period than cigarettes.   Research has also shown that bhang smoking can lead to female infertility (Chein). An Australian report indicated that the use of bhang is causing harmful effects during pregnancies and may cause birth failures or miscarriages. This is a long term effect. Research has also put forward that continued use of bhang by males can tamper with the sperm functioning which leads to a negative impact. Study has also proven that this disease leads to psychosis, depression and anxiety (MD Newcomb). These are psychological problems. Sixty percent of mentally ill persons have their illness being related to drug consumption. Most of these pe rsons prefer use of bhang and drinking of alcohol. Psychiatrist then argue that the role played by alcohol in causing these diseases is quite minimal and most probably this issues are mostly related to the inhaling of marijuana. Psychotic diseases are also depicted to affect persons who started to abuse from a young age.The most affected age Group. Teenagers between the age of sixteen and twenty five are the most highly affected group by the psychotic diseases. Study has also shown that bhang smoking causes.... This is a long term effect. Research has also put forward that continued use of bhang by males can tamper with the sperm functioning which leads to a negative impact. Study has also proven that this disease leads to psychosis, depression and anxiety (MD Newcomb). These are psychological problems. Sixty percent of mentally ill persons have their illness being related to drug consumption. Most of these persons prefer use of bhang and drinking of alcohol. Psychiatrist then argue that the role played by alcohol in causing these diseases is quite minimal and most probably this issues are mostly related to the inhaling of marijuana. Psychotic diseases are also depicted to affect persons who started to abuse from a young age. The most affected age Group. Teenagers between the age of sixteen and twenty five are the most highly affected group by the psychotic diseases. Study has also shown that bhang smoking causes unipolar which is a depression disorder. The relation between bhang and depres sion is also prevalent. Statistical research has shown that the number of people affected by depression is almost equal to the people affected by psychosis. However, most of the people affected by depression do not have access to clinical facilities. The most striking attribute of this particular disorder is that the people who are not so much dependent on marijuana have a higher risk of contracting this disease. Studies have also associated many suicide cases with the use of bhang. For instance most bhang users in the United States of America have being documented to have reported most cases of attempted suicide. This data is as shown in the US National Co morbidity Survey (Crewe). This is due

Concrete Constituent and Mix Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Concrete Constituent and Mix Design - Essay Example Natural heavyweight aggregates include materials such as goethite, limonite, barite, illmenite, magnetite, and hematite, with specific gravities (SGs) ranging from about 3.5 up to about 5.3, leading to concretes with unit weights up to about 4100 kg/m3 . For higher unit weight concretes, synthetic materials such as Ferro phosphorous (SG 5.8 to 6.8) or scrap iron and steel punching (SG 7.8) can be used, with resulting concrete unit weights of up to 6100 kg/m3. High-density aggregates are good attenuators of gamma rays and of fast neutrons, hence their use in radiation shielding. Although heavyweight concretes can be proportioned in much the same way as ordinary concretes, the aggregates tend to be harsh and have a tendency to segregate from the rest of the mix. As a result, both higher than usual cement contents and a higher ratio of fine to coarse aggregates are recommended. Normal Weight Aggregates Aggregates make up about 75% of the volume of concrete, so their properties have a la rge in?uence on the properties of the concrete (Alexander and Mindess, 2005). Aggregates are granular materials, most commonly natural gravels and sands or crushed stone. The role of the aggregate is to provide much better dimensional stability and wear resistance; without aggregates, large castings of neat cement paste would essentially self-destruct upon drying. Also, because they are less expensive than Portland cement, aggregates lead to the production of more economical concretes. These aggregates are used to make ordinary concrete having unit weight of 2300 kg/m3. In general, aggregates are much stronger than the cement paste, so their exact mechanical properties are not considered to be of much importance (except for very high-strength concretes). Similarly, they are also assumed to be completely inert in a cement matrix, although this is not always true, as will be seen in the discussion on the alkali–aggregate reaction. Light Weight Aggregates Light weight aggregates , which can be either natural or synthetic materials, are characterized by a high internal porosity. Ordinary concrete has a unit weight of about 2300 kg/m3, but lightweight concretes with unit weights as low as 120 kg/m3 can be produced, although they are accompanied by a significant decrease in concrete strength. Natural lightweight aggregates include pumice, scoria, and tuff; however, most light- weight aggregates are synthetically produced. The most common such lightweight aggregates are made from expanded clay, shale, or slate. The raw material is either crushed to the desired size or ground or then pelletized; it is then heated to 1000 to 1200Â °C. At these temperatures, the material bloats (or puffs up) due to the rapid generation of gas produced by the combustion of the small amounts of organic material that these particles generally contain. (The process is similar to that of popping popcorn.) Other materials, such as volcanic glass (perlite), calcium silicate glasses (sla g), or vermiculite, can similarly be bloated. Lightweight aggregates tend to be angular and irregular in shape and can be quite variable. b) Select one physical property and one mechanical property of aggregate and describe in detail the role and influence of these properties on the overall performance of the concrete. Particle Grading The particle-size distribution in a sample of aggregate, referred to as the grading, is

Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Comparison - Essay Example That’s why it is possible to say that what people are used to considering as American culture in fact is a combination and compilation of bunches of different cultures with their own authentic features like mentality, traditions, customs, and even physical appearances. Chinese culture is one of the most ancient and stable cultures in the world. The traditions that Chinese people have and their customs haven’t been changed for almost five thousand years and they form the entire Chinese nation and the culture. The very first crucial thing that makes these two cultures different is their core religions, which are totally opposite. Even though the United States citizens have freedom to confess any religions they want, still the most popular religions of American culture are Protestantism and Catholicism. These two religions have Christian roots, so the people who confess these religions have deep faith in the only one God, as the religions are monotheistic. Chinese most widespread religions are Daoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. These three religions are not based on faith in the only God. The religions are combinations of ethical doctrines which proclaim respect for ancestors (Confucianism), as well as some meditative techniques and faith in the greatest prophet Buddha. When American religions more look like religions with all their attributes, Chinese religions are more like philosophies that direct people’s lives. Also, Chinese and American cultures are based on totally different languages, which in fact are two different systems of describing signs. English language which, is being used in the USA, is based on letters and their combinations which form certain words and have etymological meaning. Chinese hieroglyphs are combinations of signs themselves. Each of the signs has its own meaning and forms broaden language

Concrete Constituent and Mix Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Concrete Constituent and Mix Design - Essay Example Natural heavyweight aggregates include materials such as goethite, limonite, barite, illmenite, magnetite, and hematite, with specific gravities (SGs) ranging from about 3.5 up to about 5.3, leading to concretes with unit weights up to about 4100 kg/m3 . For higher unit weight concretes, synthetic materials such as Ferro phosphorous (SG 5.8 to 6.8) or scrap iron and steel punching (SG 7.8) can be used, with resulting concrete unit weights of up to 6100 kg/m3. High-density aggregates are good attenuators of gamma rays and of fast neutrons, hence their use in radiation shielding. Although heavyweight concretes can be proportioned in much the same way as ordinary concretes, the aggregates tend to be harsh and have a tendency to segregate from the rest of the mix. As a result, both higher than usual cement contents and a higher ratio of fine to coarse aggregates are recommended. Normal Weight Aggregates Aggregates make up about 75% of the volume of concrete, so their properties have a la rge in?uence on the properties of the concrete (Alexander and Mindess, 2005). Aggregates are granular materials, most commonly natural gravels and sands or crushed stone. The role of the aggregate is to provide much better dimensional stability and wear resistance; without aggregates, large castings of neat cement paste would essentially self-destruct upon drying. Also, because they are less expensive than Portland cement, aggregates lead to the production of more economical concretes. These aggregates are used to make ordinary concrete having unit weight of 2300 kg/m3. In general, aggregates are much stronger than the cement paste, so their exact mechanical properties are not considered to be of much importance (except for very high-strength concretes). Similarly, they are also assumed to be completely inert in a cement matrix, although this is not always true, as will be seen in the discussion on the alkali–aggregate reaction. Light Weight Aggregates Light weight aggregates , which can be either natural or synthetic materials, are characterized by a high internal porosity. Ordinary concrete has a unit weight of about 2300 kg/m3, but lightweight concretes with unit weights as low as 120 kg/m3 can be produced, although they are accompanied by a significant decrease in concrete strength. Natural lightweight aggregates include pumice, scoria, and tuff; however, most light- weight aggregates are synthetically produced. The most common such lightweight aggregates are made from expanded clay, shale, or slate. The raw material is either crushed to the desired size or ground or then pelletized; it is then heated to 1000 to 1200Â °C. At these temperatures, the material bloats (or puffs up) due to the rapid generation of gas produced by the combustion of the small amounts of organic material that these particles generally contain. (The process is similar to that of popping popcorn.) Other materials, such as volcanic glass (perlite), calcium silicate glasses (sla g), or vermiculite, can similarly be bloated. Lightweight aggregates tend to be angular and irregular in shape and can be quite variable. b) Select one physical property and one mechanical property of aggregate and describe in detail the role and influence of these properties on the overall performance of the concrete. Particle Grading The particle-size distribution in a sample of aggregate, referred to as the grading, is

The Intensification of International Migration Essay Example for Free

The Intensification of International Migration Essay 1. INTRODUCTION Migrant flows are always from the poorest countries with a low probability of employment towards less poor and more dynamic countries where there is an opportunity to find some sort of job. Over the last few years international migration has intensified, with the media referring to the â€Å"regionalisation and globalisation† of migration. The major centers of attraction are the same: United States and the European Union, with countries in southern Europe gradually becoming immigrant receiving countries. The third major region that attracts migrants is the oil-rich Middle East. The fourth major region set to be the target for increasing numbers is Asia/Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand. What are the effects of migration on the countries of origin? Funds sent by migrant to families back home often play a considerable part in the development of the local economy. However, when highly qualified people leave their home country, the investment made by the developing countries in their higher education is lost. To remedy this, programmes have to be set up to encourage immigrants to return, so that they can contribute to the economic development of their home country. The political environment in some African countries must be conflict free for African professionals overseas to return home. Africa is certainly experiencing a debilitating flight of professionals and skilled people escaping their countries’ economic crisis. The level and trend of brain drain has reached unsustainable heights. In the last few years, the brain drain has escalated in magnitude to levels that have serious implications on economic growth in countries like Zimbabwe. Why have African intellectuals and professionals left or thinking seriously of leaving their countries? Previous studies have discovered extremely high levels of dissatisfaction with the cost of living, taxation, availability of goods, and salaries. The number of poor living below the poverty datum line has surged progressively in the last few years because of economic crisis and spiraling inflation. The situation has been exacerbated by declining  real savings compounded by high levels of taxation and rising unemployment levels. The decline in real gross domestic product(GDP), is reflective of failure to attract foreign direct investment(FDI) and increased external debt due to chronic foreign currency shortages to procure raw materials, fuel, electricity and spare parts, against a background of rising production and labour costs due to high inflation have led to declining savings. The contraction in the formal sector, owing to companies’ downsizing, reducing working periods and closure, have led to significant fall in employment levels. Growing lawlessness and politically-motivated violence are some of the push factors for many intellectuals and professionals. The dissatisfaction goes deeper than economic and political circumstances to include housing, medical services, education, education and a viable future for children. Against this background, many skilled persons and professionals have migrated to other countries and the potential for emigrating among African university students and other is most probably very high. There is therefore need to enact policies in Africa to curb these massive brain drain and offer incentives to make staying and working in African countries attractive for professionals and skilled people. The broad objective of this paper is to highlight African brain drain, its causes and consequences. Brain drain is seen in this paper as a complex problem created by both endogenous and exogenous factors, which prey on the disparity between technologically developed and industrialized world, and the poor developing countries. The structure of the papers is as follows; Section I gives a general Introduction to the problem of Brain drain. Section 2 attempts briefly to conceptualize and categorize international migration and the possible causes of international migration. Section 3 gives a detailed analysis of Causes for African Brain Drain. Section 4 attempts to show the Impact and Consequences of African Brain Drain, giving Zimbabwe as an example. Section 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects and Policy Options. . 2. THE CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Some theories of international migration: There is no single, well-developed theory of international migration. Among the various models attempting to explain why international migration begins, five major approaches can be discerned: These were offered by Sharon Stanton Russell 2. Neoclassical economics: macro theory (arguably the body of theory most familiar to World Bank staff) views geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor in origin and destination countries as the major factors driving individual migration decisions. Among the assumptions of this model are that international migration will not occur in the absence of these differentials, that their elimination will bring an end to international movements, and that labor markets (not other markets) are the primary mechanisms inducing movements. Government policy interventions affect migration by regulating or influencing labor markets in origin and destination countries. Neoclassical economics: micro theory focuses on the level of individual rational actors who make decisions to migrate based upon a cost-benefit calculation that indicates a positive net return to movement. In this approach, human capital characteristics that raise the potential benefits of migration, and individual, social, or technological factors that lower costs, will lead to increased migration. Differences in earnings and employment rates are key variables, and governments influence migration through policies that affect these (e.g., through development policies that   raise incomes at the point of origin, decrease the probability of employment at destination, or increase the costs of migration). The new economics of migration views migration as a family (i.e., group) strategy to diversify sources of income, minimize risks to the household, and overcome barriers to credit and capital. In this model, international migration is a means to compensate for the absence or failure of certain  types of markets in developing countries, for example crop insurance markets, futures markets, unemployment insurance, or capital markets. Dual labour market theory holds that demand for low-level workers in more developed economies is the critical factor shaping international migration. To avoid the structural inflation that would result from raising entry wages of native workers, and to maintain labor as a variable factor of production, employers seek low-wage migrant workers. In this model, international migration is demand – based and initiated by recruitment policies of employers or governments in destination areas. World systems theory focuses not on labour markets in national economies, but on the structure of the world market-notably the â€Å"penetration of capitalist economic relations into peripheral, non-capitalist societies, â€Å"which takes place through the concerted actions of neocolonial governments, multinational firms, and national elites. International migration is generated as land, raw materials and labour in areas of origin are drawn into the world market economy and traditional systems are disrupted. 3. CAUSES OF AFRICAN BRAIN DRAIN. In the 1960s most of the African countries became independent, with the former Portuguese territories in 1975. In 1995, the last colony in Africa – South Africa – achieved majority rule. With accession to independence there was a marked change in the pace of migration. The first development plans and those subsequently adopted, accentuated existing disparities between urban areas which enjoyed the benefit of investment and rural areas. In some countries the most elementary freedoms were denied, giving rise to mass exodus of people unprecedented in the history of Africa. The gap between the economic and social development of different regions within countries and of different countries inside and outside Africa, has continued to widen over the years. Brain drain is a migration of professional people(as scientists, professors, or physicians) from one country to another, usually for higher salaries or  better living conditions. Despite the clarity of this definition, most efforts to halt the brain drain or reverse the process, especially in African countries, seem to pay little attention to economic and social imperative to brain drain, and instead, centre on appeals to the spirit of nationalism and patriotism. In extreme cases, some governments threaten to hire foreign professionals as replacement labour for those who left-a more complicated and costly option. Political Turmoil: Political turmoil is linked to the failure of economic development. As pressures of poverty, rapid population growth, disease and illiteracy and environmental degradation mount, they produce a volatile cocktail of insecurity. Resulting war, civil strife, state – sponsored terrorism, riots and other forms of political violence can lead to the displacement of large numbers of people as migrants, refugees, or asylees. In the late twentieth century, compared to previous centuries, more wars are taking place, and they are lasting longer and causing more devastation. According to Papademetriou both internal and regional conflicts, often based on religion and ethnicity, are precipitating unprecedented high levels of international migration. Economic and Political factors: The economic and political factors associated with international migration that have so far been discussed so far forces on the lack of economic development and political stability in many Third World countries. They are the major push factors in migration. The push factors are circumstances in the home environment that make a person think about leaving his normal place of abode for another part of the same country, neighbouring countries, or for a more distant place like the United Kingdom of the United States. Pull Factors i.e. those that draw people to particular destinations, are equally important. The post – World War II expansion of the industrial economies of Western Europe and North America (especially the United States) has led to immigration policies in these countries designed to meet a  burgeoning demand for cheap labour. Globalization has made possible a massive transfer of resources like technology and capital; labour has become another form of large-scale resource transfer; Although more than half of recent international migration flows are between developing countries, the flow from the Third World to industrial nations has grown to unprecedented levels. That developed countries are a magnet for the world’s migrant is evident from statistics. In 1990, half of the world’s migrants (excluding those naturalized, which would increase even more than the number in developed countries) were in industrial countries: 15-20 million were in Western Europe, 15-20 million were in North America, and 2-3 million were in the industrial nations of Asia (e.g. Japan, Taiwan).7 This globalization phenomenon has not escaped the attention  of Deepak Nayyar, who observes that: the process of globalization is bound to exercise a significant influence on the push-factors underlying international migration. It would decrease emigration pressures if it leads to a convergence of levels of income between the industrialized countries and the developing countries. But it would increase emigration pressures if it leads to a divergence in levels of income between the industrialized countries and the developing countries. Similarly, it would decrease emigration pressures if it leads to a reduction in poverty, an expansion of employment opportunities and an improvement in the quality of life for the people in developing countries. But it would increase emigration pressures if it leads to rising poverty, growing inequality, worsening employment prospects and deterioration in the quality of life of people in development countries.8 In summary it should be realized that the globalization of economies, lack of development and political stability in Third World countries, and immigration policies that reflect the need for labour in the receiving industrialized countries have thus far been proposed as the major factors explaining international migration from the Third World to the developed countries e.g. USA, UK., etc. But these alone do not adequately explain why certain countries or individuals, not others, dominate migration flows nor do they explain the particular destination choice of migrants. As earlier discussed, economic globalization, lack of development and political instability, industrial nations’ immigration policies, and linguistic and  historical ties are major factors that account for Third World immigration to developed countries in general. The same factors enable us to understand African immigration to Europe and the United States of America. Sub-Saharan Africa, like most other developing regions, has been integrated into the global economy primarily as a source of cheap primary goods and cheap labour. Initially, African labour was exploited within colonial boundaries but after World War II African labour was often actively recruited by ex-colonial European powers as competition for more expensive European labour. For example, France gave its former African colonies favoured nation status and formed agreements with such African states as Senegal, Mauritania, and Mali to promote labour migration. By 1960, about 20 000 Sub-Saharan Africans were in France; 12 000 in the late 80s. The British were less hospitable to immigrants from their former African colonies. Beginning in 1962, Africans in England were denied full social and political rights. They were subject to four immigrant control and three race relations outs that gradually withdrew their citizenship rights. Pass laws and voucher systems were introduced in order to â€Å"terminate black settler immigration and to introduce repatriation. In 1971, the British passed an immigration act to expressly limit immigration from its former colonies. It can, therefore, be said that Sub-Saharan Africa has generated significant global flows of migrants in the post-war era, mainly to ex-colonial states: Nigerian, Tanzanian, Ugandan, Asians and of late Zimbabweans have migrated to the U.K., Central and West Africans to France; Zairians (Congolese) to Belgium. However, the OECD has argued that these movements are dwafted by regional migrations within Africa. Regional labour have flowed primarily to Nigeria, South Africa, Gabon and the Ivory Coast. The main countries of emigration have been Zaire (now Congo), Angola, Mozambique, Cameroon and Botswana as well as all of the North African Nations, though rarely have their emigrants crossed the Sahara.

DecorMyEyes Analysis

DecorMyEyes Analysis Presentation A. Stakeholders and Partner Intrigue 1. For the situation contemplate DecorMyEyes, the partners are the Clients, Workers, Police and Law and Control implementation offices, and in addition the Funders, the proprietors of the association, alongside people in general. Clients anticipate from business to give great items while passing on a fabulous client benefit. Ms. Rodriguez had discovered DecorMyEyes.com by Googles web crawler when she was searching for a couple of glasses. Shockingly, Ms. Rodriguez has a negative ordeal when managed the online organization. Imperatively Merchant was the proprietor of DecorMyEyes.com. He transferred on negative input from his client as a commercial technique, Mr. Representative was persuaded that the more he creates more activity when clients seek on Google in view of these negative dissensions from clients. 2. A portion of the control organizations incorporate ComplaintsBoard.com, ConsumerAffairs.com, and The Web Wrongdoing Consistent Fixate who gets grievances for the benefit of the annoyed and unsatisfied clients about items that are sold on the web. As the proprietor of DecorMyEyes.com, Mr. Borker is keen on the benefit of the business paying little respect to the method for getting that benefit. The enthusiasm of the representatives in the association is to pull in high deals and hold their occupations. The funders are the banksthat execute in the interest of the clients. For this situation ponder, Citibank is the funder that is executing business for the sake of Ms. Rodriguez. Ms. Rodriguez reached Citi Cards to make a discount for misunderstanding the item. General society additionally was involved with the organization known as DecorMyEyes.com where they likewise had buys that had turned out badly. I. Legal Examination 1. Under the Purchaser Insurance Act, clients are shielded from organizations out of line practices. Through the laws in the Shopper Insurance Act, the principles keep up a reasonable commercial center by permitting the clients to know their parts and duties. The client must assemble supporting archives, for example, the requests from the buy protests. Shopper rights and buyer assurance law give an approach to people to battle back against oppressive business phones. The laws are intended to consider merchants of merchandise and ventures responsible when they try to benefit by exploiting a customers absence of data or haggling power. Some lead tended to by shopper rights laws is just uncalled for, while other direct can be depicted as out and out misrepresentation. Purchaser rights laws exist at the government and state level. They are authorized by government organizations, workplaces of lawyers general, and through individual and legal claims recorded by casualties. B. The U.S. Buyer Item Security Commission is accused of shielding general society from outlandish dangers of genuine harm or demise from a huge number of sorts of purchase items under the offices locale. The U.S. Buyer Item Security Commission does not fit DecorMyEyes.com because it manages genuine damage or demise that is brought on by the item purchased from DecorMyEyes. The Sustenance and Medication Organization is another shopper law that would not have any significant bearing for this situation since it involves nourishment item. III. Moral Examination A. The deontological hypothesis is the hypothesis that can be used in DecorMyEyes contextual investigation. Deontological morals are set apart by faithfulness to all-inclusive standards, for instance, regard forever, reasonableness, coming clean, keeping guarantees regardless of what the outcomes. The partnership should hold fast to its obligations and commitments. DecorMyEyes disregarded this moral hypothesis by not being reasonable for its clients but rather badgering client for griping about not getting the right item or the item they anticipated that would win. The organization treated their client dishonestly by assaults them with dangers and irreverence. The organization did not maintain its guarantee of consumer loyalty. II. Conclusion and Suggestion A. The accentuation of deontological morals is the obligation and the ethical quality of the activities of individuals and organizations. Everybody must guarantee that their activities are supported per their obligations paying little respect to the outcomes of the activities. Guaranteeing that clients got top notch items and treated consciously is the ethical commitment of an enterprise. Clients are the most profitable resources in an association since they add to the authoritative deals. They ought not be badgering or undermined. Even though the decisions by DecorMyEyes.com convey salary to the association by building enough movement, it is a negative ad, and it cant be legitimized. DecorMyEyes ought to utilize this moral hypothesis to reexamine their business phones. B. The shopper ought to record a grievance with government or state specialists to have sanctions brought against the false and unscrupulous practices of the organization. For instance, the purchaser can file a protestation with the Government Exchange Commission, the Lawyer General, and the Better Business Department. When documenting a claim, the purchaser ought to keep all records of receipts, email exchanges, and item depictions of bought item. Ms. Rodriguez keeps records of the provocation she persevered and documented objections which helped her in recovering her cash from her charge card organization and recording a report with the police office against DecorMyEyes. References Burton, B. Dunn, C. (1996). Feminist Ethics as Moral Grounding for Stakeholder Theory. Business Ethics Quarterly, 6(2), 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857619 Halbert, T. (2015). Law and Ethics in the Business Environment, 8th Edition. [Kaplan]. Retrieved from https://kaplan.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781305483125/

University Education and Writing :: Education Writing Language Essays

University Education and Writing In doing the comparison metaphor of what an university education is like to me I choose a minimum wage job. After about twelve weeks later I would say that this is still what I believe and that I have really not changed that much in my thinking. By using the metaphor of a minimum wage job in describing an university education I feel it best describes my feelings towards school and why I am here. I dealing with my description of my self and the self I portray in my writing I am a person who writes what he wants to say. I never leave out anything, or try to cover up anything I write from within and If someone doesn't like it then too bad because this is me. I the analysis of my first paper I saw an education as something that I wouldn't want to spend the rest of my life doing; like a minimum wage job. Let me explain. I fell into college and because of that I do not always find attending school "enlightening or fulfilling." I think I get this from my roots of blue collar workers in my family and how my grandfather was self sustaining. He always stressed the importance of schooling but, he also stressed the unimportance of learning anything that didn't relate to the sciences and mathematics. He considered university education as something that one needs to enter certain work forces, but he commonly referred to many educated people as "educated fools"; which were people who knew a lot out of books but nothing about the real world and common sense. You can think of those people being the environmentalist compared to the ecologist. An environmentalist has no formal training or training in management of ecosystems and wildlife but an ecologis t does and thus can make more informed though out answers to many of our environmental problems. In further analysis of my paper I said, "For me my university education has been an experience that would never take away. I was able to find myself, to escape the judgments of the powercrats who run people down and weaken the spirit." This was a very powerful style of writing for me because I hate those people who think that they are better than others and those people who feel that because they are educated they must know more and in general be smarter about a lot of things.